“…ZnO NP/MP combinations with other materials are applied as dosage forms other than particles, including membranes, films, and plates, according to the administration route or usage for enhanced antimicrobial performance [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. These dosage forms can deliver the drug to the specific site of infection in human diseases including endocarditis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and otitis [ 29 , 30 ].…”
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano/microparticles (NPs/MPs) have been studied as antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and viruses with or without antibiotic resistance. They have unique physicochemical characteristics that can affect biological and toxicological responses in microorganisms. Metal ion release, particle adsorption, and reactive oxygen species generation are the main mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial action. In this review, we describe the physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs/MPs related to biological and toxicological effects and discuss the recent findings of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs/MPs and their combinations with other materials against pathogenic microorganisms. Current biomedical applications of ZnO NPs/MPs and combinations with other materials are also presented. This review will provide the better understanding of ZnO NPs/MPs as antibiotic alternatives and aid in further development of antibiotic agents for industrial and clinical applications.
“…ZnO NP/MP combinations with other materials are applied as dosage forms other than particles, including membranes, films, and plates, according to the administration route or usage for enhanced antimicrobial performance [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. These dosage forms can deliver the drug to the specific site of infection in human diseases including endocarditis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and otitis [ 29 , 30 ].…”
Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano/microparticles (NPs/MPs) have been studied as antibiotics to enhance antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and viruses with or without antibiotic resistance. They have unique physicochemical characteristics that can affect biological and toxicological responses in microorganisms. Metal ion release, particle adsorption, and reactive oxygen species generation are the main mechanisms underlying their antimicrobial action. In this review, we describe the physicochemical characteristics of ZnO NPs/MPs related to biological and toxicological effects and discuss the recent findings of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs/MPs and their combinations with other materials against pathogenic microorganisms. Current biomedical applications of ZnO NPs/MPs and combinations with other materials are also presented. This review will provide the better understanding of ZnO NPs/MPs as antibiotic alternatives and aid in further development of antibiotic agents for industrial and clinical applications.
“…As the compound 4a and 4b , displayed the antibacterial activity, the anti‐biofilm property was also examined. [ 94 ] The glycolipid 4a displayed biofilm inhibition of SA at 200 µg mL −1 ( P < 0.05) and 400 µg mL −1 ( P < 0.001) concentrations. Inhibition of LM and PA biofilms occurred in all the tested concentrations 100, 200 and 400 µg mL −1 ( P < 0.001), whereas the STm biofilm didn't show any inhibitory activity (Figure 8A).…”
Carbohydrates are versatile materials widely used for several applications including food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and drug delivery systems due to their inherent properties such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, and bio-compatibility. Specifically, the urge on carbohydrate research is due to its significance in the biological system, for example, a glycoprotein found in the extracellular matrix, involved in signaling pathways, cell-cell interaction and cell-matrix interaction. Because of the increase in demand of glycolipids for biological applications, in this report, a set of three structurally related gluconamide-based amphiphiles were synthesized from renewable resources, δ-gluconolactone and cashew nut shell liquid. The molecular structure of the synthesized glycolipids was characterized by NMR and mass spectral techniques. Molecular self-assembly of gluconamide-based amphiphiles was investigated relative to the molecular structure and nature of the solvent used. Interestingly, the nature of the hydrophobic tail present in the glycolipids influences the self-assembly pattern, which results in a hydrogel, organogel and highly insoluble nanorods. Gelation studies clearly revealed that the involvement of different magnitude of non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking and van der Waals interaction. Morphology of self-assembled architecture was investigated by optical microscopy, FESEM and FETEM analysis. The mechanism involved in the molecular self-assembly has been deduced by small angle XRD analysis. Thermo reversibility and the thixotropic nature of the derived gels were identified by rheological measurements. Further, antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory activity of gluconamide-based amphiphiles were studied against various pathogenic bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
“…Bacteria are unicellular organisms, but in nature they are attached to inert or active surfaces to form well-structured three-dimensional (3D) communities known as ‘biofilms’ [28] . Biofilms can be form from either a single or multiple specie and it can protect the microbes from antibiotic treatments and stress conditions.…”
Section: Principles and Mechanismmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Once it reaches a specific concentration, the genetic changes in the cells will be triggered, which causes the cells to bind to a substrate and each other. Step 5: This stage is called dispersion, the matured sessile cells are released by shedding the biofilm and moving to new places, forming other colonies by repeating this cycle [28] . Figure 2 Schematic of biofilm formation cycles on a surface …”
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