A review on algae and plants as potential source of arachidonic acid

Shanab, Sanaa M. M.; Hafez, Rehab M.; Fouad, Ahmed S.

doi:10.1016/j.jare.2018.03.004

Cited by 120 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(146 reference statements)

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“…Inappropriate proportions may contribute to the development of many serious diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends consuming products in a diet with a ω6: ω3 acid ratio lower than 10:1 47,48 . The optimal ratios fluctuate between 4:1 and 1:1 49 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agro-industrial by-product in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture of Tetradesmus obliquus: Production of ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acids with biotechnological importance

Piasecka

Nawrocka

Wiącek

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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In recent years, researchers have highlighted the role of low cost-efficient agro-industrial by-products used as supplements in algal culture media. The aim of the study was to identify and characterize the basic metabolic pathways in Tetradesmus obliquus cells induced by supplementation with beet molasses in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture conditions. to assess the impact of the nutritional strategy in unicellular algae, growth curves were plotted and lipid, carbohydrate, and protein levels were determined. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy was applied to measure the Tetradesmus obliquus cell composition. Additionally, the C16-C18 fatty acid profile of Tetradesmus obliquus was determined by gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry. The switch from autotrophy to photoheterotrophy and mixotrophy contributes to shortening of the adaptation growth phase. The highest protein content was obtained in the mixotrophic growth. This study has demonstrated high content of 18:1, cisΔ 9 , 18:2, cisΔ 9,12 , ω6, and 18:3, cisΔ 9,12,15 , ω3 in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture conditions. High levels of proteins and essential fatty acids make Tetradesmus obliquus cell biomass important for human and animals health. Microalgae are not only a source of many valuable bio-products e.g. proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, ω3 and ω6 fatty acids or pigments applied in many different commercial sectors but can be a simple and economical solution to wastewater treatment and waste management 1. Algal cells utilize effectively agricultural, industrial and municipal wastewaters, waste raw materials, and by-products from many branches of industry. Algae are capable of assimilating organic compounds and other ingredients for biomass production and synthesis of both basic and specific metabolites. Additionally, the use of wastewaters and waste materials make microalgal biomass and bio-product production environmentally friendly 2. A number of studies have described supplementation of the algal culture medium with agricultural waste such as dairy manure 3 , liquid waste produced in piggeries 4 , post-fermentation effluents and wastewater from fruit, vegetable or cultivated plant processing, i.e. residues of cane bagasse and pineapple peel 5 , cassava 6 , sweet sorghum 7 , or hydrolysate of Jerusalem artichoke tubers 8. Most algae are autotrophs; however, some species such as Auxenochlorella protothecoides 9 Parachlorella kessleri 10 and Tetradesmus obliquus can assimilate organic compounds. Cultivation modes based on organic carbon sources include heterotrophy, photoheterotrophy, and mixotrophy 11. Compared to the heterotrophic mode, the photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic cultivation systems have several advantages e.g. intensification of algal growth and synthesis of valuable metabolites, such as fatty acids 12. Green algae growing in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture conditions are natural producers of polyunsaturated fatty acids 10,13. In terms of human nutrition, one of the most important PUFAs are essential fatty...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agro-industrial by-product in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture of Tetradesmus obliquus: Production of ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acids with biotechnological importance

Piasecka

Nawrocka

Wiącek

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Eicosanoids contain signal-mediating molecules such as PGs, prostacyclines, thromboxanes (TXAs), leukotrienes (LTs), and related fatty acid derivatives which are integrated into the phospholipids of the cellular membranes formed from PUFA, especially the AA and other polyenioic fatty acids through four pathways [1,6] namely: the Cox pathway (Cox) ( Fig. 1) leads to the formation of pro-and anti-inflammatory PGs [29][30][31][32][33], the LOX (ALOX) pathway (Fig.…”

Section: Eicosanoidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…C 20 H 32 O 2 , 20:4(v-6) is the chemical formular for omega-6 (v-6) PUFA in which 20:4 refers to its 20 carbon atom chain with four double bonds and v-6 refers to the position of the first double bond from the last, omega carbon atom. AA are found in animal and human tissue, in plants, and in food [1][2][3][4][5][6]. AA are esterified to membrane phospholipids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eicosanoids in carcinogenesis

Brücher

Jamall

2019

4open

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Inflammation is the body's reaction to pathogenic (biological or chemical) stimuli and covers a burgeoning list of compounds and pathways that act in concert to maintain the health of the organism. Eicosanoids and related fatty acid derivatives can be formed from arachidonic acid and other polyenoic fatty acids via the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways generating a variety of pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins, leukotrienes, lipoxins, resolvins and others. The cytochrome P450 pathway leads to the formation of hydroxy fatty acids, such as 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and epoxy eicosanoids. Free radical reactions induced by reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen free radical species lead to oxygenated lipids such as isoprostanes or isolevuglandins which also exhibit pro-inflammatory activities. Eicosanoids and their metabolites play fundamental endocrine, autocrine and paracrine roles in both physiological and pathological signaling in various diseases. These molecules induce various unsaturated fatty acid dependent signaling pathways that influence crosstalk, alter cell–cell interactions, and result in a wide spectrum of cellular dysfunctions including those of the tissue microenvironment. Although the complete role of eicosanoids, including that of the recently elucidated anti-inflammatory specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs), e.g. lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins, is not completely understood, the result of unremitting chronic inflammation is fostering early stages of carcinogenesis. Chronic inflammation facilitates the transition from a normal cell to a cancerous one. The disruption of homeostasis across a wide, but identifiable, swath of diverse molecular pathways creates a micromilieu which constitutes an early and necessary step in the 6-step sequence of carcinogenesis for the vast majority of cancers, termed “sporadic cancers”.

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“…On the other hand, microalgae N. gaditana , N. oculata , T. pseudonana , P. lutheri , and P. tricornutum produced EPA in the range of 175 ± 12, 193 ± 24, 81 ± 2, 92 ± 2, and 111 ± 5 mg/g of oil, respectively (Ryckebosch et al., ). ARA content in microalga Parietochloris incisa also reaches up to 42.5% of the total fatty acids in the stationary phase of its growth (Shanab, Hafez, & Fouad, ). Several studies have been conducted to enhance PUFAs by the implication of various abiotic stresses such as pH, salt, temperature stress, and so on.…”

Section: Microalgal Bioactive (Healthcare) Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in Microalgal Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Healthcare Products: Commercial Potential, Market Space, and Sustainability

Nethravathy

Mehar

Mudliar

et al. 2019

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

151

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To combat food scarcity as well as to ensure nutritional food supply for sustainable living of increasing population, microalgae are considered as innovative sources for adequate nutrition. Currently, the dried biomass, various carotenoids, phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, omega fatty acids, and enzymes are being used as food additives, food coloring agents, and food supplements. Apart from nutritional importance, microalgae are finding the place in the market as “functional foods.” When compared to the total market size of food and feed products derived from all the possible sources, the market portfolio of microalgae‐based products is still smaller, but increasing steadily. On the other hand, the genetic modification of microalgae for enhanced production of commercially important metabolites holds a great potential. However, the success of commercial application of genetically modified (GM) algae will be defined by their safety to human health and environment. In view of this, the present study attempts to highlight the industrially important microalgal metabolites, their production, and application in food, feed, nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals. The current and future market trends for microalgal products have been thoroughly discussed. Importantly, the safety pertaining to microalgae cultivation and consumption, and regulatory issues for GM microalgae have also been covered.

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A review on algae and plants as potential source of arachidonic acid

Abstract: Graphical abstract

Cited by 120 publications

References 116 publications

Agro-industrial by-product in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture of Tetradesmus obliquus: Production of ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acids with biotechnological importance

Agro-industrial by-product in photoheterotrophic and mixotrophic culture of Tetradesmus obliquus: Production of ω3 and ω6 essential fatty acids with biotechnological importance

Eicosanoids in carcinogenesis

Recent Advances in Microalgal Bioactives for Food, Feed, and Healthcare Products: Commercial Potential, Market Space, and Sustainability

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