A review on agarwood and its quality determination

Ismail, Nurlaila; Rahiman, Mohd Hezri Fazalul; Taib, Mohd Nasir; Ibrahim, Mastura; Zareen, Seema; Tajuddin, Saıful Nizam

doi:10.1109/icsgrc.2015.7412473

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Grading is important for defining products based on their market qualities and influences price determination and trade transparency (Giovannucci and Reardon 2000;Ismail et al 2015). The Portuguese apothecary Tomé Pires visited Malacca and India between 1512-1515 C.E.…”

Section: Historical Agarwood Grades and Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

López-Sampson

Page

2018

Econ Bot

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Aromatics originating from the resin-infused infected wood of the Aquilaria and Gyrinops genera have distinct and valued fragrances. Resin formation occurs as a response to internal injury and/or infections in the stems of the agarwood tree. The incenses and perfumes that are produced from agarwood have been valued for centuries and used by many cultures for spiritual, opulent, and aphrodisiac purposes. Agarwood is highly revered in the seminal texts of Hinduism, Christianity, Buddhism, and Islam. As early as 1400 B.C.E., agarwood was described as a fragrant product in Sanskrit texts, and in 65 B.C.E., Dioscorides detailed several medical applications for agarwood. Knowledge of human-induced agarwood formation was recorded in China as early as 300 C.E., where it was known that cutting into a tree would lead to a color change in its internal tissues within a year of the injury as a consequence of resin development. There is historical evidence of international trade in agarwood between the producing (tropical southeastern Asia) and consuming (Middle East, India, China, and Japan) regions of the world. Agarwood has been consumed primarily as incense with the burning of wood chips directly or as an important ingredient for powdered incense blends. The aromatic qualities of agarwood are influenced by the species and variety of the two genera, geographic location, its branch, trunk and root origin, length of time since infection, and methods of harvesting and processing. The subtle but numerous variations in agarwood properties led to the development of systems for product classification and description in several consumer countries. This paper reviews the uses and trade of agarwood and its social, political, and economic significance in human history.

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Section: Historical Agarwood Grades and Qualitymentioning

confidence: 99%

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

López-Sampson

Page

2018

Econ Bot

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“…Otherwise, for the agarwood oil that has higher value than optimal number of threshold was discriminate as high quality (1). Specifically, it is observed that in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…Other than that, agarwood oil is used as traditional medical preparation and perfume [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistical analysis of agarwood oil compounds in discriminating the quality of agarwood oil

Zubir¹,

Abas²,

Ismail³

et al. 2018

J. Fundam and Appl Sci.

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Enhancing and improving the discrimination technique is the main aim to determine or grade the good quality of agarwood oil. In this paper, all statistical works were performed via SPSS software. Two parameters involved are abundance of compound (%) and quality of t agarwood oil either low or high quality. The result showed that, there is clear significant normality test depends on the parameters through the boxplot and Quantile plot for data distribution. Then, Kolmogorov hypothesis were covered in normality test. The techniques proved their capabilities in statistical analysis for agarwood oil compounds and confirmed that the data is suitable for further work especially for classification. and improving the discrimination technique is the main aim to determine or grade the good quality of agarwood oil. In this paper, all statistical works were performed via SPSS software. Two parameters involved are abundance of compound (%) and quality of t agarwood oil either low or high quality. The result showed that, there is clear significant normality test depends on the parameters through the boxplot and Quantile plot for data distribution. Then, Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S), non-paramete hypothesis were covered in normality test. The techniques proved their capabilities in statistical analysis for agarwood oil compounds and confirmed that the data is suitable for further work especially for classification. agarwood oil; SPSS; boxplot; Quantile-Quantile (Q S); non-parameter test and hypothesis.

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“…Sesquiterpenes have been reported to be a major class of compounds present in the resin of A. malaccensis [ 13 ]. Yoneda et al [ 41 ] also reported the presence of jinkohol, kusunol, α-agarofuran, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, and agarospirol in the agarwood oil obtained from A .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gaharu is traded in the form of wood chips, sawn wood, and resin or distilled oil. In trade, the selling price varies greatly, depending on the ‘quality’ [ 12 , 13 ]. The quality of gaharu is usually graded based on its physical properties such as wood color, weight or density, and aroma upon burning, all of which, indirectly reflect the resin content of the gaharu samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discriminative Analysis of Different Grades of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) via 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Using PLS-DA and Random Forests Classification Models

et al. 2017

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Gaharu (agarwood, Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) is a valuable tropical rainforest product traded internationally for its distinctive fragrance. It is not only popular as incense and in perfumery, but also favored in traditional medicine due to its sedative, carminative, cardioprotective and analgesic effects. The current study addresses the chemical differences and similarities between gaharu samples of different grades, obtained commercially, using 1H-NMR-based metabolomics. Two classification models: partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and Random Forests were developed to classify the gaharu samples on the basis of their chemical constituents. The gaharu samples could be reclassified into a ‘high grade’ group (samples A, B and D), characterized by high contents of kusunol, jinkohol, and 10-epi-γ-eudesmol; an ‘intermediate grade’ group (samples C, F and G), dominated by fatty acid and vanillic acid; and a ‘low grade’ group (sample E and H), which had higher contents of aquilarone derivatives and phenylethyl chromones. The results showed that 1H- NMR-based metabolomics can be a potential method to grade the quality of gaharu samples on the basis of their chemical constituents.

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A review on agarwood and its quality determination

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

History of Use and Trade of Agarwood

Statistical analysis of agarwood oil compounds in discriminating the quality of agarwood oil

Discriminative Analysis of Different Grades of Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk.) via 1H-NMR-Based Metabolomics Using PLS-DA and Random Forests Classification Models

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