A Review on Acoustic Emission Testing for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer-Based Composites

Ghadarah, Noor; Ayre, David

doi:10.3390/s23156945

Cited by 18 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…According to previous studies, the influence of different factors on AE characterization has been extensively studied on a laboratory scale. These works summarize some results from the literature concerning the identification of the acoustic signatures for several damage mechanisms in composite materials (matrix cracking, fiber/matrix debonding, delamination, fiber breakage, fiber pullout) from a single parameter such as average frequency [ 29 ] or amplitude and peak frequency [ 30 ]. The aforementioned works underscore a tendency concerning organic matrix composites: matrix cracking is linked to low-frequency signals, while fiber ruptures are connected with higher-frequency signals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in the Sensor Effect on Acoustic Emission Data to Create a Generalizable Library by Data Merging

Chen,

Godin,

Doitrand

et al. 2024

Sensors

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The aim of this paper is to discuss the effect of the sensor on the acoustic emission (AE) signature and to develop a methodology to reduce the sensor effect. Pencil leads are broken on PMMA plates at different source–sensor distances, and the resulting waves are detected with different sensors. Several transducers, commonly used for acoustic emission measurements, are compared with regard to their ability to reproduce the characteristic shapes of plate waves. Their consequences for AE descriptors are discussed. Their different responses show why similar test specimens and test conditions can yield disparate results. This sensor effect will furthermore make the classification of different AE sources more difficult. In this context, a specific procedure is proposed to reduce the sensor effect and to propose an efficient selection of descriptors for data merging. Principal Component Analysis has demonstrated that using the Z-score normalized descriptor data in conjunction with the Krustal–Wallis test and identifying the outliers can help reduce the sensor effect. This procedure leads to the selection of a common descriptor set with the same distribution for all sensors. These descriptors can be merged to create a library. This result opens up new outlooks for the generalization of acoustic emission signature libraries. This aspect is a key point for the development of a database for machine learning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in the Sensor Effect on Acoustic Emission Data to Create a Generalizable Library by Data Merging

Chen,

Godin,

Doitrand

et al. 2024

Sensors

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show abstract

“…The simultaneous use of acoustic emission and electrical measurements was reported in the literature on bonding joints for structural health monitoring [ 29 ]. Acoustic emission is a common technology used to assess the damage evolution within polymer matrix composites [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In additive manufacturing, this technique has also been applied to 3D-printed polymer composites filled with continuous fibres [ 36 , 37 , 38 ] or short flax fibres [ 39 ] as well as 3D-printed sandwich structures [ 40 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro-Mechanical Characterisation and Damage Monitoring by Acoustic Emission of 3D-Printed CB/PLA

Roumy,

Truong-Hoang,

Touchard

et al. 2024

Materials

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Even though the influence of the printing direction on the mechanical properties of 3D-printed samples by fused filament fabrication is established in the literature, very little is known about mechanical and electrical coupling. In this study, electrically conductive polylactic acid filled with carbon black particles undergoes monotonic and repeated progressive tensile loading to better understand the influence of the printing direction on the electro-mechanical properties of three-dimensional-printed samples. The objective is to analyse the electro-mechanical behaviour of this composite for its potential application as an actuator. The classical laminate theory is also applied to evaluate the relevance of this theory in predicting the mechanical characteristics of this material. In addition, a comprehensive damage analysis is performed using acoustic emission, infrared thermography, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray microcomputed tomography imaging. Results show that the degradation of the mechanical and electrical properties is highly influenced by the printing direction. The appearance and development of crazes in 0° filaments are highlighted and quantified. The conclusions drawn by this study underline the interest in using longitudinal and unidirectional printing directions to improve the conductive path within the samples. Furthermore, the evolution of the resistance throughout the experiments emphasizes the need to control the implemented voltage in the design of future electro-thermally triggered actuators.

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“…They possess key attributes, such as flexibility, lightweight nature, effective processability through polymer processing, adaptability in design, and recyclability. This flexibility and adaptability render polymer composites particularly well-suited for applications such as sensors and energy harvesting devices [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Sensors constructed from these materials exhibit sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and can be integrated into self-powered systems and smart devices for various technical applications [ 2 ], including medical diagnostics [ 3 ], structural health monitoring [ 4 ], and wearable applications [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pressure-Driven Piezoelectric Sensors and Energy Harvesting in Biaxially Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Film

Stepancikova,

Olejnik,

Matyas

et al. 2024

Sensors

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This study reports the possibility of using biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate (BOPET) plastic packaging to convert mechanical energy into electrical energy. Electricity is generated due to the piezoelectricity of BOPET. Electricity generation depends on the mechanical deformation of the processing aids (inorganic crystals), which were found and identified by SEM and EDAX analyses as SiO2. BOPET, as an electron source, was assembled and tested as an energy conversion and self-powered mechanical stimuli sensor using potential applications in wearable electronics. When a pressure pulse after pendulum impact with a maximum stress of 926 kPa and an impact velocity of 2.1 m/s was applied, a voltage of 60 V was generated with short-circuit current and charge densities of 15 μAcm−2 and 138 nCm−2, respectively. Due to the orientation and stress-induced crystallization of polymer chains, BOPET films acquire very good mechanical properties, which are not lost during their primary usage as packaging materials and are beneficial for the durability of the sensors. The signals detected using BOPET sensors derived from pendulum impact and sieve analyses were also harvested for up to 80 cycles and up to 40 s with short-circuit voltages of 107 V and 95 V, respectively. In addition to their low price, the advantage of sensors made from BOPET plastic packaging waste lies in their chemical resistance and stability under exposure to oxygen, ultraviolet light, and moisture.

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A Review on Acoustic Emission Testing for Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer-Based Composites

Cited by 18 publications

References 71 publications

Reduction in the Sensor Effect on Acoustic Emission Data to Create a Generalizable Library by Data Merging

Reduction in the Sensor Effect on Acoustic Emission Data to Create a Generalizable Library by Data Merging

Electro-Mechanical Characterisation and Damage Monitoring by Acoustic Emission of 3D-Printed CB/PLA

Pressure-Driven Piezoelectric Sensors and Energy Harvesting in Biaxially Oriented Polyethylene Terephthalate Film

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