“…Nanomembrane-based 2D photonic crystals are usable in a large number of practical applications. Among these are passive ultracompact waveguide components [ 64 ], like channel waveguides used for mostly lossless beam bending at distances comparable to the operating wavelength, i.e., vastly smaller than in conventional photonics, other kinds of optical waveguide structures with micro dimensions, various kinds of optical filters, beam splitters, multiplexers/demultiplexers, various optical couplers [ 65 ], different types or resonators electrically, mechanically, or optically tunable in real time, coupled resonator optical waveguide (CROW) [ 66 ] that may use defect cavities in the photonic crystal, dielectric microdisks, microrings or microcavities, polarization converters, passive optical limiters [ 67 ], on-chip optical true time delay lines [ 68 ], etc. Figure 6 shows top views of some examples of passive waveguide-based components in 2D photonic crystal nanomembranes.…”