A Review of Wine Authentication Using Spectroscopic Approaches in Combination with Chemometrics

Abstract

In a global context where trading of wines involves considerable economic value, the requirement to guarantee wine authenticity can never be underestimated. With the ever-increasing advancements in analytical platforms, research into spectroscopic methods is thriving as they offer a powerful tool for rapid wine authentication. In particular, spectroscopic techniques have been identified as a user-friendly and economical alternative to traditional analyses involving more complex instrumentation that may not readily be deployable in an industry setting. Chemometrics plays an indispensable role in the interpretation and modelling of spectral data and is frequently used in conjunction with spectroscopy for sample classification. Considering the variety of available techniques under the banner of spectroscopy, this review aims to provide an update on the most popular spectroscopic approaches and chemometric data analysis procedures that are applicable to wine authentication.

Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined With Bayes Classifier Based on Wavelength Model Optimization Applied to Wine Multibrand Identification

“…The average spectra of five types of wine in the Vis-NIR region (400–2,498 nm) are illustrated in Figure 2 . In general, the composition of red wine can be broadly represented on a w/w basis as 86% water, 11% ethanol, and 3% for the remainder, which includes sugars, phenols, organic acids, and many other low-content components ( 22 ). For comparison, the spectrum of distilled water is also shown in Figure 2 (dashed line).…”

“…It has been applied in many fields, such as identification of the authenticity of rice seed (15), melon genotypes (16), transgenic sugarcane leaf (17,18), and edible oil types (19), as well as screening for thalassemia (20) and schizophrenia (21). In recent years, Vis-NIR spectroscopy has also begun to be applied to the identification of wine (22)(23)(24)(25), mainly focusing on the identification of wine origin. The identification of wine involves multiclass discriminant analysis of multiple spectral populations, which is more challenging than the binary classification problems, and related work is still rare.…”

Data Fusion Approaches for the Characterization of Musts and Wines Based on Biogenic Amine and Elemental Composition

“…More specifically, in the case of wines and related alcoholic beverages, several studies have been conducted based on data fusion. Ranaweera and coworkers published an overview of wine authentication based on spectroscopic data and further chemometric analysis [ 6 ]. In a broader sense, Arslan and coworkers reviewed the characterization and authentication of alcoholic beverages by nondestructive instrumental techniques and chemometrics [ 7 ], and da Costa et al focused on beers [ 8 ].…”

The application of right-angle fluorescence spectroscopy as a tool to distinguish five autochthonous commercial Greek white wines

“…Two widely used approaches for determining the authenticity of wine are chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques ( Anjos et al, 2020 ; Basalekou et al, 2020 ; Magdas et al, 2019a , Magdas et al, 2019b ; Popîrdă et al, 2021 ; Ranaweera et al, 2021a ). Chromatographic techniques such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) ( Tourtoglou et al, 2014 ; Tufariello et al, 2019 ; Ziółkowska et al, 2016 ) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) ( Medel-Marabolí et al, 2021 ; Tzachristas et al, 2021 ; Valentin et al, 2020 ) allow the simultaneous determination of several compounds in one run, with high accuracy and reproducibility.…”

“…This tool becomes even more powerful and promising when the spectrum data is combined with chemometric methods such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA), principal component analysis (PCA) ( Chen et al, 2021 ; Sádecká and Jakubíková, 2020 ), soft independent modeling of class analogy (SIMCA), parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) ( Suciu et al, 2019 ), support vector machine discriminant analysis (SVMDA), or extreme gradient boosting discriminant analysis (XGBDA) ( Ranaweera et al, 2021c ). Research reports on the application of chemometric methods in combination with fluorescence spectroscopy are limited and therefore more efforts need to be made in this direction which will eventually reinforce the wine authenticity establishment in international markets ( Ranaweera et al, 2021a ).…”