A review of WAAM for steel construction – Manufacturing, material and geometric properties, design, and future directions

Evans, Sian I.; Wang, Jie; Qin, Jian; He, Yongpeng; Shepherd, Paul; Ding, Jialuo

doi:10.1016/j.istruc.2022.08.084

Cited by 61 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 129 publications

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“…In complete contrast to the contemporary rolled, standardized sections is the process of 3D printing in steel construction using wire-and-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM). This technology is a Directed Energy Deposition (DED) arc-type process that allows the fabrication of steel components with more geometrical freedom while maintaining good mechanical properties [12]. Moreover, it is the metal AM process most suitable for adoption for large-scale components characteristic for the construction industry, as it has few limitations in the shape and size of the printed object [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles

et al. 2023

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In recent years, the use of Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) for strengthening standardized steel elements received significant interest within the research community. The reason for this lies in the theoretical potential of WAAM to improve the economic and environmental aspects of contemporary steel construction through efficient material consumption. As efficiency is often obtained through detailed design study, the paper presents a design exploration of suitable stiffener geometries under the assumption of infinite geometrical freedom. The assumption is eventually invalidated as process constraints specific to the generated geometries emerge from test trials. Once identified, process constraints are documented and overcome through adequate and precise path planning. Feasibility analysis is an important step between design and fabrication, especially in the case of large-scale or geometrically complex components. With reference to the case of stiffeners, a feasibility analysis is necessary to take into account the specific geometrical limits of the build volume, which is not typically the case for conventional WAAM fabrication. The current research provides the first investigation to understand the means for future on-site WAAM strengthening of existing steel structural elements.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles

et al. 2023

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“…It enables the production of structurally efficient and free-formed shapes in a shorter time as compared to other AM processes. Moreover, varied materials can be applied together to obtain functionally graded materials [1,2]. The main advantage of WAAM is its ability to manufacture high-quality parts with strong structural and mechanical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of welding heat source parameters for fem simulation based on temperature history and real bead shape

Szyndler

2023

Materials Research Proceedings

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Abstract. To improve process understanding and increase the numerical prediction quality of a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process, this paper focuses on determining the parameters of a numerical model that reproduces an experimental setup of a welding process, with particular attention given to the actual shape of the weld bead. The dimensions of the heat source (HS) model in a welding process are determined based on experimentally measured weld pool sizes as well as temperature history at selected points below and adjacent to a weld seam. The whole experimental setup is accurately reproduced within the Simufact.Welding software and an optimization procedure is applied to obtain the best possible agreement between experimental and numerical results. A validated numerical model with reliable parameters for two heat sources is later used to predict and observe material behavior during the WAAM process of more complex parts.

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“…Compared with conventional manufacturing techniques, AM has distinct advantages, including higher levels of automation, greater geometric flexibility, and reduced material wastage [2]. The novel technology is being widely used in aerospace [3,4], automobile [5] and civil engineering [6][7][8]. In the steel construction sector, the most representative achievement is the MX 3D Bridge, which was placed in Amsterdam city center in 2021 [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local buckling of WAAM stainless steel circular columns

Huang,

Yang,

Liu

et al. 2023

ce papers

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Wire and Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is one of the promising metal 3D printing techniques, with the ability to produce large‐scale structural components with high speed and low cost. However, there is a lack of research on the structural performance of WAAM members. To this end, numerical modeling and design of WAAM stainless steel circular hollow section (CHS) stub columns has been conducted. Finite element (FE) models considering both as‐built material properties and rough geometry were proposed and verified by the existing experimental studies. By using the FE models, parametric studies on the local buckling resistance of WAAM CHS stub columns were conducted to consider a wider range of specimen geometries. Based on the FE results, the applicability of the current column design provisions in EN 1993‐1‐4 and AISC 370 to WAAM stainless steel CHS stub columns was assessed. At last, a new modified method was proposed to predict the local buckling resistance of WAAM stainless steel CHS stub columns. This study provides a novel approach for the FE modelling of WAAM components.

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A review of WAAM for steel construction – Manufacturing, material and geometric properties, design, and future directions

Cited by 61 publications

References 129 publications

Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles

Experimental Application of Robotic Wire-and-Arc Additive Manufacturing Technique for Strengthening the I-Beam Profiles

Determination of welding heat source parameters for fem simulation based on temperature history and real bead shape

Local buckling of WAAM stainless steel circular columns

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