A review of viral gastroenteritis

Clark, Benjamin M.; McKendrick, M.W.

doi:10.1097/00001432-200410000-00011

Cited by 257 publications

(202 citation statements)

References 90 publications

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“…2 and Table 2). Classic HAstV-1 has been the type that has been the most frequently found in clinical samples worldwide (10,44,45), as well as in urban wastewater and surface water samples (9,46). In the present study, however, classic HAstV-1 was detected in only 2 influent samples, while classic HAstV-2 and classic HAstV-4/8 were more frequently detected in both influent and effluent samples.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Hata

Katayama

Kitajima

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Human astroviruses (HAstVs) are a common etiological agent of infantile gastroenteritis. Recent studies revealed that novel astrovirus (AstV) strains of the MLB clade (MLB-AstVs) and VA clade (VA-AstVs), which are genetically distinct from the classic HAstVs, are circulating in the human population. In the present study, we quantified classic HAstVs as well as carried out a genetic analysis of classic and novel HAstVs in wastewater in Japan. The concentration of classic HAstVs in the influent water samples ranged from 10 4 to 10 5 copies per liter, and the amount removed by wastewater treatment was determined to be 2.4 ؎ 0.3 log 10 . Four types of classic HAstV strains (HAstV types 1, 2, 5, and 4/8) as well as novel AstV strains belonging to the MLB-2, VA-1, and VA-2 clades were identified using reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) assays, including assays newly developed for the detection of strains of the MLB and VA clades, followed by cloning and nucleotide sequencing. Our results suggest that genetically diverse AstV strains are circulating among the human population in Japan. The newly developed (semi)nested RT-PCR assays for these novel AstV clades are useful to identify and characterize the novel AstVs in environmental waters.H uman astroviruses (HAstVs) are considered one of the most important causes of infantile gastroenteritis worldwide (1). The infections typically occur sporadically, and the cause of 2 to 10% of total viral gastroenteritis cases is attributed to HAstVs (1-6). Astroviruses (AstVs) possess nonenveloped, icosahedrally shaped virions containing approximately 6,800 nucleotides (nt) of single-stranded positive-sense RNA (7). It has been reported that the diameter of AstV particles shed in fecal specimens ranges from 28 to 31 nm, while the diameter of those grown in cell culture is 41 nm (8). Their viral genome consists of three open reading frames (ORFs), namely, ORF1a, ORF1b, and ORF2, encoding the serine protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and capsid proteins, respectively (7). HAstVs are antigenically or genetically classified into eight different types (HAstV type 1 [HAstV-1] to HAstV-8). Previous studies revealed that HAstV-1 is the most prevalent type among infected individuals and in the environment, followed by 5,[9][10][11][12][13].Because HAstV can be excreted in the feces of infected individuals at a high concentration (up to 10 15 particles/g) (14), examination of municipal wastewater samples could be an effective approach to understand the actual prevalence and epidemiology of these viruses (15, 16). In spite of their importance as enteric pathogens, the occurrence and other characteristics of HAstVs in water compared to those of other enteric viruses, such as noroviruses, rotaviruses, and adenoviruses, have not been well documented (17, 18). Due to the scarcity of knowledge, the fate of HAstVs in water environments and wastewater treatment processes is not well understood.Recent studies based on viral metagenomic analysis have identified some novel AstVs, namely, clade MLB ...

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Hata

Katayama

Kitajima

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…As the potential role of viral agents in the pathogenesis of NEC has only recently been recognized, we hypothesized that viral factors such as viral RNA could induce NEC in a neonate mouse model. Exclusively RNA viruses such as rota-, astro-, toro-, and norovirus have been associated with NEC (5,(8)(9)(10)(11)23). Among those, rotavirus, a dsRNA virus, is a well-known highly prevalent cause for severe diarrhea in infants and young children (24).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies suggest that rotavirus in combination with other microorganisms can increase the intestinal vulnerability to bacterial invasion, leading to an exaggerated intestinal immune response, and therefore cause NEC (4)(5)(6)(7). Moreover, clinical reports indicate that the colonization or infection with astro-, toro-, or norovirus have an impact on NEC severity in preterm infants (8)(9)(10)(11). However, a possible involvement of viral vectors has not been studied in standardized mouse models so far.…”

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confidence: 99%

The viral dsRNA analogue poly (I:C) induces necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice

Ginzel

Klemann

et al. 2015

Pediatr Res

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Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a lifethreatening gastrointestinal disease in premature infants with high mortality and morbidity with uncertain pathogenesis. Recent research focused on the role of intraluminal bacteria and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, an additional role of viral agents in the pathogenesis of NEC has recently been postulated. We assessed the role of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (pIC) mimicking viral dsRNA in contributing to the development of NEC in neonatal mice. Methods: Four-d-old C57BL/6J pups were stressed by asphyxia and hypothermia twice daily. Animals were either fed by formula only (FO), formula containing LPS or pIC. After 72 h, mice were euthanized, intestines harvested, and the severity of NEC was assessed. results: Breastfed mice showed no evidence of NEC. Very mild NEC-like lesions were observed in mice fed by FO. Supplementation of LPS or pIC to the formula led to increased intestinal tissue damage and inflammation compared with FO in a similar manner. conclusion: Our study demonstrates the ability of viral factors to induce NEC in neonatal mice even in the absence of LPS. Furthermore, we present a new mouse model of pIC-induced NEC which may be used to obtain further mechanistic insights in the pathogenesis of this disease.

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“…Previous studies underlined the importance of viruses in children hospitalized for gastroenteritis especially in developed countries [23,24]. However, few studies have investigated prospectively the relative contributions of the different enteric viruses and bacteria in children admitted to hospital for gastroenteritis in developed countries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France

Lorrot

Bon

Hajje

et al. 2010

Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis

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International audienceRotavirus is recognised as the most important agent of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in young children. In a 2-year prospective survey, we investigated the epidemiology and clinical features of the viral and bacterial pathogens in children hospitalised for AGE. The study was performed in a Parisian teaching hospital from November 2001 to May 2004. Clinical data were prospectively collected to assess the gastroenteritis severity (20-point Vesikari severity score, the need for intravenous rehydration, duration of hospitalisation). Stools were systematically tested for group A rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus and adenovirus 40/41, sapovirus and Aichi virus and enteropathogenic bacteria. A total of 457 children (mean age 15.9 months) were enrolled. Viruses were detected in 305 cases (66.7%) and bacteria in 31 cases (6.8%). Rotaviruses were the most frequent pathogen (48.8%), followed by noroviruses (8.3%) and adenoviruses, astroviruses, Aichi viruses and sapoviruses in 3.5%, 1.5%, 0.9% and 0.4%, respectively. Cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were significantly more severe than those of norovirus with respect to the Vesikari score, duration of hospitalisation and the need for intravenous rehydration. Rotaviruses were the most frequent and most severe cause in children hospitalised for AGE, and noroviruses also account for a large number of cases in this population

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A review of viral gastroenteritis

Abstract: No effective treatments have been developed for viral gastroenteritis. Current efforts are targeted at the development of suitable vaccines and the implementation of infection control measures.

Cited by 257 publications

References 90 publications

Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

Wastewater Analysis Indicates that Genetically Diverse Astroviruses, Including Strains Belonging to Novel Clades MLB and VA, Are Circulating within Japanese Populations

The viral dsRNA analogue poly (I:C) induces necrotizing enterocolitis in neonatal mice

Epidemiology and clinical features of gastroenteritis in hospitalised children: prospective survey during a 2-year period in a Parisian hospital, France

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