A review of very large vapour cloud explosions: Cloud formation and explosion severity

Atkinson, Graham T.; Cowpe, Edmund; Halliday, Julie; Painter, David S.

doi:10.1016/j.jlp.2017.03.021

Cited by 64 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Para o projeto do sistema de combate a incêndio em uma instalação de armazenamento de produtos químicos, como terminais marítimos, plantas de processamento de gás natural, Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 4, e103942893, 2020(CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i4.2893 Para avaliação do raio de ação do fluxo de radiação térmica de 22 Pesquisas apontam que variações nas condições climáticas da instalação e nível de enchimento dos equipamentos impactam no fluxo de radiação térmica (Fontenelle, 2012;Marx & Cornwell, 2009;Atkinson et al, 2017;Seito et al, 2008;Raj, 2005). Assim são propostas simulações com cenários distintos para: temperatura ambiente, umidade e velocidade do vento, bem como enchimento da esfera, conforme indicado na Tabela 2.…”

Section: Projeto De Sistemas De Combate a Incêndiounclassified

Proposta de cálculo da radiação térmica utilizando um software para seleção de equipamentos a serem resfriados no caso de incêndio em parques de armazenamento de GLP

Martins

Vianna

2020

RSD

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1 Proposta de cálculo da radiação térmica utilizando um software para seleção de equipamentos a serem resfriados no caso de incêndio em parques de armazenamento de GLP Proposal thermal radiation calculation using software to select equipment to be cooled in case of fire in LPG storage parks Propuesta de cálculo de radiación térmica mediante software para seleccionar equipos que se enfriarán en caso de incendio en parques de almacenamiento de GLP ResumoIndustrialmente, o gás liquefeito de petróleo (GLP) é armazenado em vasos esféricos ou cilíndricos, que seguem normas rigorosas na sua construção para se evitar grandes acidentes, que podem ser causados por incêndios e explosões em equipamentos vizinhos, e tem como principal propagador a transferência de calor por radiação térmica. Caso ocorra algum acidente, para que sejam evitados maiores danos, um sistema de combate a incêndio deve ser instalado. No dimensionamento destes sistemas são seguidas normas e legislações, que indicam critérios prescritivos (distâncias fixas que independem das condições do parque de armazenamento) para seleção dos equipamentos a serem resfriados em caso de incêndio. Com objetivo de se propor o cálculo do impacto da radiação térmica através de um software e a partir disto selecionar os equipamentos a serem resfriados em caso de incêndio em um parque de armazenamento de GLP, foi elaborado neste trabalho um estudo de caso, comparando-se o indicado nas normas brasileiras e nas internacionais e o encontrado através da simulação.Utilizou-se o método de pesquisa quantitativo, do tipo descritivo e analítico, como técnicas de aquisição de dados, pesquisa bibliográfica, análise de estudo de caso e ferramentas Research, Society and Development, v. 9, n. 4, e103942893, 2020 (CC BY 4.0) | ISSN 2525-3409 | DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i4.2893 2 computacionais, tendo-se como materiais um computador e o software ALOHA. Simulações para diversas condições climáticas e de enchimento da esfera foram realizadas, encontrandose como resultados raios inferiores ao proposto nas normas brasileiras, e, portanto, menos conservativos. A simulação do raio de alcance da radiação térmica, torna a avaliação mais fidedigna com as condições as quais estão expostas as esferas de GLP, auxiliando no mais correto dimensionamento da rede de combate a incêndio. Logo, conclui-se que as normas brasileiras são mais conservadoras e obsoletas perante os avanços da Engenharia de Incêndio. Palavras-chave: Radiação Térmica; Parque de Armazenamento de GLP; Sistema de Combate a Incêndio. AbstractIndustrially, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is stored in spherical or cylindrical vessels, which follow strict standards in their construction in order to avoid major accidents, that may be caused by fires and explosions in neighboring equipment, and its main propagator is heat transfer by thermal radiation. If an accident occurs, to prevent further damage, a fire fighting system must be installed. When dimensioning these systems, standards and requirements are followed which indicate p...

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Section: Projeto De Sistemas De Combate a Incêndiounclassified

Proposta de cálculo da radiação térmica utilizando um software para seleção de equipamentos a serem resfriados no caso de incêndio em parques de armazenamento de GLP

Martins

Vianna

2020

RSD

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“…Several severe explosions extending to the whole cloud has been investigated in the years since the Buncefield incident. Forensic evidences and detailed reviews of many such incidents have shown serious discrepancies between a presumption, that the overpressures and damages of a variety of objects were caused by detonation and what has been observed at most VCE incidents [5,6,12]. A detailed analysis of physical damages and data available from CCTV cameras, led to conclusions [6,12] that scenarios based on a detonation [11,13] and the type of the observed damages are not consistent with that would occur in a detonation, and that [12]: "the combustion in Buncefield was unsteady (episodic), with periods of rapid flame advance (producing high local overpressures) being punctuated by pauses.…”

Section: Is Ddt the Only Possible Way To Explain Unconfined Dust Explmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most large scale dust explosion accidents, a series of explosions consisting of a primary weak explosion, followed by a devastating secondary explosion, has been reported [1,2,[4][5][6]. While the hazardous effect of the primary explosion is relatively small, the secondary explosions propagate with a speed of up to 1000 m/s, producing overpressures of in the range of 8-10 bar.…”

Section: Is Ddt the Only Possible Way To Explain Unconfined Dust Explmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Understanding the origin and mechanism of dust explosions is essential for minimizing the dust explosion hazard in many industrial processes, to understand their causes, prevention and mitigation methods. The danger of dust explosions is a permanent threat in various industries handling combustible or inert powders of fine particles [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Methane-air systems are lifethreatening mixtures, particularly in underground coal mines.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multipoint radiation induced ignition of dust explosions: turbulent clustering of particles and increased transparency

Liberman

Kleeorin

Haugen

2018

Combustion Theory and Modelling

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It is known that unconfined dust explosions consist of a relatively weak primary (turbulent) deflagrations followed by a devastating secondary explosion. The secondary explosion may propagate with a speed of up to 1000 m/s producing overpressures of over 8-10 atm. Since detonation is the only established theory that allows a rapid burning producing a high pressure that can be sustained in open areas, the generally accepted view was that the mechanism explaining the high rate of combustion in dust explosions is deflagration to detonation transition. In the present work we propose a theoretical substantiation of the alternative propagation mechanism explaining origin of the secondary explosion producing the high speeds of combustion and high overpressures in unconfined dust explosions. We show that clustering of dust particles in a turbulent flow gives rise to a significant increase of the thermal radiation absorption length ahead of the advancing flame front. This effect ensures that clusters of dust particles are exposed to and heated by the radiation from hot combustion products of large gaseous explosions sufficiently long time to become multi-point ignition kernels in a large volume ahead of the advancing flame front. The ignition times of fuel-air mixture by the radiatively heated clusters of particles is considerably reduced compared to the ignition time by the isolated particle. The radiation-induced multi-point ignitions of a large volume of fuel-air ahead of the primary flame efficiently increase the total flame area, giving rise to the secondary explosion, which results in high rates of combustion and overpressures required to account for the observed level of overpressures and damages in unconfined dust explosions, such as e.g. the 2005 Buncefield explosion and several vapor cloud explosions of severity similar to that of the Buncefield incident.

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“…4 Among these major hazards, vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) have been considered to be the frequent hazard on offshore platforms. [5][6][7] Moreover, the intensity of damage caused by VCE on offshore platforms is very high due to piping and equipment congestion that may significantly increase the magnitude of developed overpressure. 8 In the past, accidents including Piper Alpha, 9 Petrobas P36, 10 and BP Deepwater Horizon 11 accidents have caused numerous human fatalities and significant financial losses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of wind directions on human injury and fatality risk modeling due to vapor cloud explosion in offshore platforms

Niazi

Nasif

Muhammad

2019

Process Safety Progress

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Vapor cloud explosion (VCE) accidents have the potential to cause loss of life in offshore platforms. In order to quantify risk, quantitative risk assessment has served as a robust methodology. However, previous research focuses on macroscale assessment of risk which does not take into consideration the local specific details such as piping and equipment congestions. The overpressure developed by VCE is greatly influenced by local specific details. In addition, VCE occurs due to the ignition of vapor cloud that is influenced by parameters such as wind speeds and directions. This study investigates the effect of different wind conditions on VCE and resulting human injury and fatality risk by employing a grid‐based approach in an offshore platform. Flame Acceleration Simulator software is utilized to model dispersion of vapor cloud and resulting VCE. The methodology is an integrated tool that enables a grid‐by‐grid mapping risk, thereby providing a complete and precise picture of risk in all the locations. It was found that risk values were increased to maximum of 91% when wind speed was increased from 0 to 7 m/s. Among four wind directions, West to East wind direction recorded maximum risk values and South to North wind direction recorded minimum risk values.

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A review of very large vapour cloud explosions: Cloud formation and explosion severity

Cited by 64 publications

References 5 publications

Proposta de cálculo da radiação térmica utilizando um software para seleção de equipamentos a serem resfriados no caso de incêndio em parques de armazenamento de GLP

Proposta de cálculo da radiação térmica utilizando um software para seleção de equipamentos a serem resfriados no caso de incêndio em parques de armazenamento de GLP

Multipoint radiation induced ignition of dust explosions: turbulent clustering of particles and increased transparency

Effect of wind directions on human injury and fatality risk modeling due to vapor cloud explosion in offshore platforms

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