A review of urban wildlife management from the animal personality perspective: The case of urban deer

Honda, Takeshi; Iijima, Hayato; Tsuboi, Jun‐ichi; Uchida, K.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.335

Cited by 66 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…This counters the idea that human activity always imposes landscapes of fear, but may reflect the combination of reduced resource availability and bold personalities that allow for urban habituation (Lowry, Lill & Wong, 2013). In some instances this may be problematic for humans if increased interactions with habituated animals increase vehicle accidents and/or transfer of zoonotic diseases; this highlights the potential need to manage some mammalian prey species in urban areas (Honda et al, 2018).…”

Section: Human Activity As a Fear-inducing Stressormentioning

confidence: 97%

Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals

Fardell

Pavey

Dickman

2020

PeerJ

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Predators induce stress in prey and can have beneficial effects in ecosystems, but can also have negative effects on biodiversity if they are overabundant or have been introduced. The growth of human populations is, at the same time, causing degradation of natural habitats and increasing interaction rates of humans with wildlife, such that conservation management routinely considers the effects of human disturbance as tantamount to or surpassing those of predators. The need to simultaneously manage both of these threats is particularly acute in urban areas that are, increasingly, being recognized as global hotspots of wildlife activity. Pressures from altered predator–prey interactions and human activity may each initiate fear responses in prey species above those that are triggered by natural stressors in ecosystems. If fear responses are experienced by prey at elevated levels, on top of responses to multiple environmental stressors, chronic stress impacts may occur. Despite common knowledge of the negative effects of stress, however, it is rare that stress management is considered in conservation, except in intensive ex situ situations such as in captive breeding facilities or zoos. We propose that mitigation of stress impacts on wildlife is crucial for preserving biodiversity, especially as the value of habitats within urban areas increases. As such, we highlight the need for future studies to consider fear and stress in predator–prey ecology to preserve both biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, especially in areas where human disturbance occurs. We suggest, in particular, that non-invasive in situ investigations of endocrinology and ethology be partnered in conservation planning with surveys of habitat resources to incorporate and reduce the effects of fear and stress on wildlife.

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Section: Human Activity As a Fear-inducing Stressormentioning

confidence: 97%

Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals

Fardell

Pavey

Dickman

2020

PeerJ

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“…As human activity and density increased in our study areas, the frequency of close, but benign encounters with humans necessarily also increased. In this and similar urban contexts, habituation by ungulates to people occurs rapidly (Honda et al, 2018). Captive elk with bolder personalities showed a greater tendency to habituate that began when they were still calves (Found, 2019).…”

Section: A Conceptual Model Relating Behavioral Types Ecological Drimentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Despite the uncertain effect and frequent public opposition to lethal management of urban ungulates (Dandy et al, 2012), it has been promoted as a necessary consequence of selection for bold, habituated deer that inhabit urban areas around the world (Honda et al, 2018). These authors acknowledged that inadvertent selection by humans for bolder behavior by ungulates can occur rapidly via behavioral flexibility to cause human-wildlife conflict and other management problems.…”

Section: Management Implications Of Personality In Ungulatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In those areas, ungulates can rapidly lose their historical wariness to people, allowing them to reduce energetically costly responses, such as escape behavior (Gates and Hudson, 1978) and vigilance (Shannon et al, 2014). Increasing habituation by deer species is occurring around the world in urban or urbanizing areas that exclude human hunting and predators (Honda et al, 2018).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Influences of Personality on Ungulate Migration and Management

Found

Clair

2019

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Loss of migratory behavior in ungulates often occurs with habituation to people to cause several challenges for wildlife managers, particularly in protected and urban areas. Aversive conditioning to increase ungulate wariness toward people could be an important tool for managing wildlife conflicts, but it is frequently thwarted by variation in responsiveness among individuals, an aspect of personality that is currently little understood by managers. In our paper, we describe the potential role of personality in the ecological progression associated with habituation, loss of migration, and human-wildlife conflict in ungulates. We do so by (a) synthesizing our prior work on two populations of wild elk (Cervus canadensis) living in national parks in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, (b) using it to articulate a conceptual model to explain how anthropogenic changes in landscapes favor bolder individuals, and (c) showing how targeted use of aversive conditioning could limit the advantages to bold individuals that promote residency. Our review showed how bolder elk, defined by a combination of seven separate personality metrics on a bold-shy continuum, are three times more likely to forego migration, but are also quicker to learn by association, whether via the provision or cessation of aversive conditioning. Differences in personality may relate to cognitive flexibility, which we measured with limb use preferences, to imbue bolder elk with more rapid responses to changing environments. In our conceptual model, we show how four ecological drivers comprised by interactions with humans, predators and conspecifics, in addition to changes in forage, favor bolder elk that are more likely to adopt a resident migratory tactic. We also explain how bold personalities could result from behavioral flexibility, genetic differences, or gene-environment interactions, each of which could be moderated by frequency-dependent payoffs to individuals. We suggest that managers could limit the prevalence of bold, resident ungulates by targeting bolder individuals with active and specific aversive conditioning, while minimizing anthropogenic food sources in predator refugia. A better understanding of personality in wildlife could support more proactive strategies to limit habituation and encourage migration and other keystone behaviors in changing landscapes.

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“…This counters the idea that human activity always imposes landscapes of fear, but may reflect the combination of reduced resource availability and bold personalities that allow for urban habituation (Lowry, Lill & Wong, 2012). In some instances this may be problematic for humans if increased interactions with habituated animals increase vehicle accidents and / or transfer of zoonotic diseases; this highlights the potential need to manage some mammalian prey species in urban areas (Honda et al, 2018).…”

Section: Human Activity As a Fear-inducing Stressormentioning

confidence: 97%

Peer Review #2 of "Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals (v0.1)"

2020

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Predators induce stress in prey and can have beneficial effects in ecosystems, but can also have negative effects on biodiversity if they are overabundant or have been introduced. The growth of human populations is, at the same time, causing degradation of natural habitats and increasing interaction rates of humans with wildlife, such that conservation management routinely considers the effects of human disturbance as tantamount to or surpassing those of predators. The need to simultaneously manage both of these threats is particularly acute in urban areas that are, increasingly, being recognized as global hotspots of wildlife activity. Pressures from altered predator-prey interactions and human activity may each initiate fear responses in prey species above those that are triggered by natural stressors in ecosystems. If fear responses are experienced by prey at elevated levels, on top of responses to multiple environmental stressors, chronic stress impacts may occur. Despite common knowledge of the negative effects of stress, however, it is rare that stress management is considered in conservation, except in intensive ex situ situations such as in captive breeding facilities or zoos. We propose that mitigation of stress impacts on wildlife is crucial for preserving biodiversity, especially as the value of habitats within urban areas increases. As such, we highlight the need for future studies to consider fear and stress in predator-prey ecology to preserve both biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, especially in areas where human disturbance occurs. We suggest, in particular, that non-invasive in situ investigations of endocrinology and ethology be partnered in conservation planning with surveys of habitat resources to incorporate and reduce the effects of fear and stress on wildlife.

show abstract

A review of urban wildlife management from the animal personality perspective: The case of urban deer

Cited by 66 publications

References 71 publications

Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals

Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals

Influences of Personality on Ungulate Migration and Management

Peer Review #2 of "Fear and stressing in predator–prey ecology: considering the twin stressors of predators and people on mammals (v0.1)"

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