A review of underlying fundamentals in a wet dispersion size analysis of powders

The use of arabic gum, maltodextrin and surfactants in the microencapsulation of phytosterols by spray drying

“…The lower mean particle sizes provided by SDS could be first attributed to the lower contact angles. In effect, and according to Tinke et al [44], better wetting promotes powder dispersion and breaks apart existing agglomerates. Moreover, a liquid is ideal to disperse powders when it has, among other features, low surface tension [31,44].…”

Interaction and stabilization of DMF-based alumina suspensions with citric acid

“…The dielectric constant of water is 78.5 F/m, whereas the dielectric constant of DMF is 36.7 F/m. Citric acid can be effective in aqueous alumina suspensions based on the function of electrostatic repulsion [25]. However, it is less effectively to stabilize ceramic particles in the majority of non-aqueous media than in water because of the lower dielectric constant for non-aqueous media.…”

Quantifying Dry Milling in Pharmaceutical Processing: A Review on Experimental and Modeling Approaches

“…To reduce aggregation, particle size measurements are performed by dry or wet dispersion. Tinke et al recommend wet dispersion for PSD measurements of cohesive and brittle materials. For wet analysis, agglomerate‐free dispersion requires a spontaneous and complete wetting of the powder of interest.…”

“…Sonication might also be needed to break up aggregates for very fine micronized API. In some cases, surfactants may also be required to wet the powder and inhibit flocculation . For friable powders and granules, dry dispersion should be carried out with caution because the primary particles, aggregates, and agglomerates can be easily destroyed under aerodynamic pressure.…”