A review of two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches using parallel column arrays in the second dimension

Foster, Samuel W.; Parker, Deklin; Kurre, Sangeeta; Boughton, John; Stoll, Dwight R.; Grinias, James P.

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2022.340300

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…In many cases, conventional 1D-LC is not sufficient to fully separate target components in one run due to its limited peak capacity and separation efficiency, which is insufficient for the analysis of complex TCMs. As a result, 2D-LC, which is based on two independent separation mechanisms, has been developed ( Foster et al, 2022 ). Various 2D-LC configurations have been utilized, including reverse phase LC (RPLC) × RPLC, normal phase LC (NPLC) × RPLC, hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) × RPLC, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) × RPLC, and ion exchange chromatography (IEC) × RPLC.…”

Section: Mdlc In Tcms Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several methods have been developed to improve the performance of on-line LC × LC systems. For example, the use of parallel column arrays in the 2D dimension achieves complementarity between rapid sampling rates and 2D separation, maximizing peak capacity ( Foster et al, 2022 ). In another approach, detection limits were enhanced and the dilution problem was addressed in 2D-LC by combining a broader 1 D column with a narrower 2 D column ( Wicht et al, 2022 ).…”

Section: Mdlc In Tcms Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gain deeper insights into traditional Chinese medicines using multidimensional chromatography combined with chemometric approaches

Yang,

Zeng,

Wen

et al. 2024

Chinese Herbal Medicines

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Section: Mdlc In Tcms Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Mdlc In Tcms Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gain deeper insights into traditional Chinese medicines using multidimensional chromatography combined with chemometric approaches

Yang,

Zeng,

Wen

et al. 2024

Chinese Herbal Medicines

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“…In our study, we aimed to establish an SPE method, based on online column-switching and this method in the field of online SPE enrichment [17][18][19] has gained significant prominence [20][21][22][23], which was more efficient, convenient, and faster than manual pre-processing samples. Besides, using a UV detector made the method more widely applicable and easier to standardize.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trace determination of genotoxic impurity p‐toluene sulfonate alkyl esters in four active pharmaceutical ingredients by using on‐line column switching liquid chromatography

Jiang,

Zhao,

Sun

et al. 2024

Separation Science Plus

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Sulfonate esters, one of the genetic impurities, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to cause genetic mutations and cancer. In this study, we reported a novel on‐line column‐switching liquid chromatography method for the quantitative analysis of three p‐toluene sulfonate alkyl esters in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). The sensitivity was improved by large‐volume injection. A diluting modulation‐based sampling procedure was specifically devised to mitigate the impact of solvent effects and resolve the poor stability of isopropyl p‐toluene sulfonate alkyl ester. The established method was validated in terms of linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, stability, and robustness. The limit of quantitation level was determined to be 1 ng/mL (equivalent to 1 ppm relative to 1 mg/mL API samples). Besides, the method was applied for four APIs Tosuloxacin toluene sulfonate, Lapatinib toluene sulfonate, Nirapalib toluene sulfonate, and Capecitabine. The recoveries of all target analytes in the four‐drug substances were within 89%–110%. The expanded uncertainties of the measurements ranged from 6.8% to 8.4% at a coverage level of k = 2 and a confidence level of approximately 95%. The method described in this paper was compared with other published literature, demonstrating its simplicity and ease of standardization which could be further applied in the quality control and safety assessment of drug substances.

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“…The use of two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) has become increasingly common, with easy-to-use, affordable, commercial systems available from a variety of manufacturers [1]. Literature reviews frequently update the current state-of-the-art in 2D-LC [2][3][4][5][6][7] and multi-dimensional LC (MD-LC) [1,8]. Fewer of the published reports employ three-dimensional separation methods [9,10], but the number of these reports is increasing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between classic comprehensive 2D-LC and comprehensive serial 3D-LC are a group of multi-dimensional experimental designs that employ three or more separations in a parallel arrangement, instead of a serial arrangement. Such applications have been recently reviewed by Foster et al [7]. An earlier review by Fairchild et al [15] focused on theoretical benefits of 2D-LC with parallel columns in the 2 D, and those considerations assumed that the columns are as identical as possible (to minimize retention time differences between them), and fractions of the 1 D are alternatingly sent to the parallel 2 D columns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography of Pulse Triacylglycerols with Triple Parallel Mass Spectrometry

Byrdwell,

Kotapati

2023

Separations

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We analyzed ten pulses (the dried seeds of legumes), i.e., baby lima beans, black beans, black-eyed peas, butter beans, cranberry beans, garbanzo beans, green split peas, lentils, navy beans, and pinto beans, using three-dimensional liquid chromatography (3D-LC) with parallel second dimensions, LC × (LC + LC). We combined non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) chromatography as the first dimension separation, 1D, with argentation UHPLC for separation based on degree and location of unsaturation in the first second dimension, 2D(1), and multi-cycle NARP-UHPLC in the second second dimension, 2D(2). Pulses contained 1.9% to 2.7% lipids, except garbanzo beans, which contained 6.2% lipids. High-resolution, accurate-mass (HRAM) orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) was used to perform lipidomic analysis of the 2D(2) and percent relative quantification, showing that the most abundant average triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species across all pulses were PLL at 10.67% and PLLn at 10.45%. Common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) were clustered together using principal component analysis (PCA), showing the highest levels of linolenic acid, C18:3, in molecular species such as PLnLn, LLnLn, and OLLn, with palmitic (P), C16:0, linoleic (L), 18:2, linolenic (Ln), 18:3, and oleic (O), 18:1, FAs. Calibration curves derived from interweaved sets of regioisomer standards allowed the absolute quantification of 1,2- and 1,3-regioisomers for a subset of TAGs.

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A review of two-dimensional liquid chromatography approaches using parallel column arrays in the second dimension

Cited by 10 publications

References 99 publications

Gain deeper insights into traditional Chinese medicines using multidimensional chromatography combined with chemometric approaches

Gain deeper insights into traditional Chinese medicines using multidimensional chromatography combined with chemometric approaches

Trace determination of genotoxic impurity p‐toluene sulfonate alkyl esters in four active pharmaceutical ingredients by using on‐line column switching liquid chromatography

Multi-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography of Pulse Triacylglycerols with Triple Parallel Mass Spectrometry

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