A Review of Trichinellosis in People and Wildlife in Canada

Appleyard, Greg D.; Gajadhar, Alvin A.

doi:10.1007/bf03404292

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Two distinct trichinosis syndromes have been described in the Arctic: a myopathic form, which presents with fever, oedema, myalgia and rash; and a diarrhoeic form presenting mainly with gatrointestinal symptoms (MacLean et al., 1992). The strain generally responsible for infection in the Arctic is Trichinella nativa , which is resistant to prolonged freezing (Grondin et al., 1996; Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000). Despite the low seroprevalence of antibodies against Trichinella spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Infections in Nunavik, Quebec (Canada)

Messier

Lévesque

Proulx

et al. 2011

Zoonoses and Public Health

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In Nunavik, common practices and food habits such as consumption of raw meat and untreated water place the Inuit at risk for contracting zoonotic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of seven zoonotic infections among the permanent residents of Nunavik. The study was conducted in the fall 2004 as part of the Nunavik Health Survey. Blood samples from adults aged 18-74 years (n = 917) were collected and analysed for the presence of antibodies against Trichinella spp., Toxocara canis, Echinococcus granulosus, Brucella spp., Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp. and Francisella tularensis. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, traditional activities, drinking water supply and nutrition was gathered using english/inuktitut bilingual questionnaires. The chi-squared test was used to evaluate associations between seropositivity and other measured variables. Statistically significant variables were included in a multivariate logistic regression model to control for confounding factors. Estimated seroprevalences were 8.3% for E. granulosus, 3.9% for T. canis, 5.9% for Leptospira spp. and 18.9% for F. tularensis. Seroprevalence was ≤ 1% for Trichinella spiralis, Brucella spp. and C. burnetii. For most infections, seropositivity tended to increase with age. In multivariate analyses, seroprevalence was positively (i.e. directly) associated with age and residence in the Ungava coast area for F. tularensis; age and residence in the Hudson coast area for T. canis; female gender, lower level of schooling and frequent cleaning of water reservoirs for E. granulosus. No risk factor for Leptospira spp. infection was identified. No associations were detected with regards to food habits or environmental exposures. A small but significant portion of the Nunavik population has serologic evidence of exposure to at least one of the pathogenic microorganisms investigated. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms for transmission of zoonotic infections and their potential reservoirs in Nunavik.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Seven Zoonotic Infections in Nunavik, Quebec (Canada)

Messier

Lévesque

Proulx

et al. 2011

Zoonoses and Public Health

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“…Trichinosis has been specifically named as "a direct threat to human health in communities that rely on wildlife as a source of food" (Parkinson, 2008) by the current 4 th International Polar Year (IPY, 2007(IPY, -2008, which featured human health as a research theme with the ultimate goal of improving the health and well being of Arctic peoples. Surveys for Trichinella in human cadavers in the 1940s and 1950s found a substantially higher prevalence in northern Canada (22-46 percent) compared with other areas (1.5-7.3 percent) (Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000). The rate of human cases of trichinosis in the Northwest Territories and Quebec has been reported to be 200 times the national rate in Canada (Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000), indicating a high risk of acquiring the infection from consuming Arctic wildlife.…”

Section: Box 5 Trichinosis Among Native Arctic Subsistence Huntersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Surveys for Trichinella in human cadavers in the 1940s and 1950s found a substantially higher prevalence in northern Canada (22-46 percent) compared with other areas (1.5-7.3 percent) (Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000). The rate of human cases of trichinosis in the Northwest Territories and Quebec has been reported to be 200 times the national rate in Canada (Appleyard and Gajadhar, 2000), indicating a high risk of acquiring the infection from consuming Arctic wildlife. In the United States, Alaska has the highest rate of trichinosis (MacLean and others, 1989).…”

Section: Box 5 Trichinosis Among Native Arctic Subsistence Huntersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trichinosis

Foreyt¹,

Abbott²,

Riper³

2013

Circular

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Black-flanked rock wallaby Petrogale lateralis Bobcat Lynx rufus Bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus Brown bear Ursus arctos arctos Brown hare Lepus europaeus California sea lion Zalophus californianus Camel Camelus spp. Canadian cougar (North American) Puma concolor cougar Caribou Rangifer tarandus Cat (domestic) Felis catus Cattle (domestic) Bos taurus Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Chicken Gallus gallus Chinchilla Chinchilla spp. Common dolphin Delphinus delphis Cougar Puma concolor Coyote Canis latrans Cuvier's gazelle Gazella cuvieri Dama gazelle Gazella dama

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“…Surveys of Trichinella spp. in wild carnivores have been conducted in various jurisdictions to better understand the human health risks posed by consumption of wildlife meat containing infective first-stage larvae (L1; Rausch et al 1956;Appleyard and Gajadhar 2000;Gajadhar and Forbes 2010). All Trichinella taxa are zoonotic, and one larva per gram (LPG) in tissue is considered the food safety threshold above which clinical disease in humans can occur (Gajadhar and Forbes 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Black bear meat is a well recognized source of trichinellosis outbreaks in Canada (Schellenberg et al 2003;Dalcin et al 2017). However, the overall prevalence of Trichinella in black bears is ,1.5% across most of Canada (Appleyard and Gajadhar 2000). Gajadhar and Forbes (2010) found a 7% prevalence (n¼193) in black bears sampled 1998-2007 from several jurisdictions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%