A review of tobacco abuse and its epidemiological consequences

Omare, Micah O.; Kibet, Joshua K.; Cherutoi, Jackson K.; Kengara, Fredrick Orori

doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01443-4

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 126 publications

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“…Nicotine (C 10 H 14 N 2 ) is an alkaloid tobacco plant that is responsible for its toxic nature as the main tobacco factor [ 11 ] ( Figure 1 ). As a ganglion nicotinic cholinergic agonist, nicotine acts in the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junction, spinal cord, cortex, and autonomic ganglia.…”

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a ganglion nicotinic cholinergic agonist, nicotine acts in the adrenal medulla, neuromuscular junction, spinal cord, cortex, and autonomic ganglia. It has pharmacological effects that are dose-based and also has both stimulant and depressant activity [ 11 ].…”

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other cigarettes smoke constituents are present in either a gas phase or particulate phase: Particulate-phase components include 4-aminobiphenyl, carbazole (tumour accelerators), indole, nicotine (ganglion stimulator and depressor), trace elements (carcinogens), catechol, cresol, phenol, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and tar [ 11 , 14 ] ( Figure 1 ) gas phase contains vinyl chloride (carcinogens), hydrazine, oxides of nitrogen, nitrosamines, formaldehyde, ammonia, acrolein, acetaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid, and carbon monoxide (impairs oxygen utilization and transport) [ 11 , 14 ] ( Figure 1 ). …”

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Particulate-phase components include 4-aminobiphenyl, carbazole (tumour accelerators), indole, nicotine (ganglion stimulator and depressor), trace elements (carcinogens), catechol, cresol, phenol, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and tar [ 11 , 14 ] ( Figure 1 )…”

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gas phase contains vinyl chloride (carcinogens), hydrazine, oxides of nitrogen, nitrosamines, formaldehyde, ammonia, acrolein, acetaldehyde, hydrocyanic acid, and carbon monoxide (impairs oxygen utilization and transport) [ 11 , 14 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tobacco Smoking and Liver Cancer Risk: Potential Avenues for Carcinogenesis

Jain

Chaudhary

Varshney

et al. 2021

Journal of Oncology

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Smoking a cigarette generates over 4000 chemicals that have a deleterious impact on each part of the human body. It produces three main severe effects on the liver organ: oncogenic, immunological, and indirect or direct toxic effects. It results in the production of cytotoxic substances, which raises fibrosis and necro-inflammation. Additionally, it also directs the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α) and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6) that will be responsible for the chronic liver injury. Furthermore, it gives rise to secondary polycythemia and successively raises the turnover and mass of red cells, which might be a common factor responsible for the development of oxidative stress in the liver due to iron overload. It also produces chemicals that are having oncogenic properties and raises the risk of liver cancer especially in sufferers of chronic hepatitis C. Smoking modulates both humoral and cell-mediated responses by restricting the proliferation of lymphocytes and inducing their apoptosis and ultimately decreasing the surveillance of cancer cells. Moreover, it has been determined that heavy smoking impacts the response of hepatitis C patients to interferon (IFN) therapy through different mechanisms, which can be improved by phlebotomy. Efforts are being made in different nations in decreasing the prevalence of smoking to improve premature death and ill effects of their nation’s individuals.

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Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Nicotine and Other Cigarette Smoke Constituentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Tobacco Smoking and Liver Cancer Risk: Potential Avenues for Carcinogenesis

Jain

Chaudhary

Varshney

et al. 2021

Journal of Oncology

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Advanced Materials Design for Adsorption of Toxic Substances in Cigarette Smoke

et al. 2023

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Cigarettes, despite being economically important legal consumer products, are highly addictive and harmful, particularly to the respiratory system. Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture containing over 7000 chemical compounds, 86 of which are identified to have "sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity" in either animal or human tests. Thus, tobacco smoke poses a significant health risk to humans. This article focuses on materials that help reduce the levels of major carcinogens in cigarette smoke; these include nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Specifically, the research progress on adsorption effects and mechanisms of advanced materials such as cellulose, zeolite, activated carbon, graphene, and molecularly imprinted polymers are highlighted. The future trends and prospects in this field are also discussed. Notably, with advancements in supramolecular chemistry and materials engineering, the design of functionally oriented materials has become increasingly multidisciplinary. Certainly, several advanced materials can play a critical role in reducing the harmful effects of cigarette smoke. This review aims to serve as an insightful reference for the design of hybrid and functionally oriented advanced materials.

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