A review of the valorization and management of industrial spent catalyst waste in the context of sustainable practice: The case of the State of Kuwait in parallel to European industry

Abstract

Industrial solid waste management encompasses a vital part of developed and developing countries strategies alike. It manages waste generated from vital industries and governs the hazardous waste generated as a major component of integrated waste management strategies. This article reviews the practices that govern the management approaches utilized in the developed world for industrial spent catalysts. It critically assesses the current situation of waste management within the developing world region focusing on the industrial waste component, in a novel attempt to crucially develop a strategy for a way forward based on best practices and future directions with major European industries. The review also draws parallels with European countries to compare their practices with those of the State of Kuwait, which rely solely on landfilling for the management of its industrial waste. Spent catalysts recovery methods are discussed at length covering conventional methods of valuable metals and chemicals recovery (e.g., hydrometallurgical, solid–liquid and liquid–liquid extraction) as well as biological recovery methods. A major gap exists within regulations that govern the practice of managing industrial waste in Kuwait, where it is essential to start regulating industries that generate spent catalysts in-view of encouraging the establishment of valorization industries for metal and chemical recovery. This will also create a sustainable practice within state borders, and can reduce the environmental impact of landfilling such waste in Kuwait.

Development of an Analytical Reaction Kinetics Mathematical Model Based on Thermogravimetric Data for Reclaimed Plastic Waste From Active Landfills

“…Prime examples of such plastics are low density (LDPE) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride and alcohol (PVC and PVA). Readers are referred to Al-Salem et al [15]- [17] for a review on the state of art regarding TCT technologies. One of the main solutions that present itself as an advantageous option for land rehabilitation and reduction of environmental burdens, is landfill mining [18]- [21].…”

Recuperação de cobre e zinco de catalisadores exauridos.

“…Houve um aumento da necessidade da utilização de catalisadores e, consequentemente, da geração de seus resíduos [1,4]. Isto se deve a este material ter aumentado sua eficiência, diminuído o tempo de processamento de petróleo, e à indisponibilidade de processos de regeneração para alguns tipos de catalisadores [1,4,8,76]. A massa de resíduos gerada aumenta devido ao óleo, compostos com carbono e metais depositados no material fresco [6,76].…”

“…A biolixiviação é baseada nos princípios de transformação de ácidos, excreção de agentes complexantes e reações de oxirredução [7]. Uma variedade de bactérias autotróficas, heterotróficas e fungos são responsáveis pela produção de agentes de lixiviação [1,4,7,9,28,29].…”

“…Os principais processos hidrometalúrgicos utilizados para recuperação de metais a partir de resíduos ocorrem pela lixiviação do metal, seguida pela purificação do licor, como pode ser observado na Figura 3 [1,16]. O licor é purificado principalmente por precipitação, eletrodeposição, extração por solvente ou por resinas de troca iônica [4,9,10,12,16,22,23,25,[28][29][30].…”

“…O aumento da demanda por energia causou um crescimento na demanda por produtos de petróleo. Isto aumentou a quantidade de resíduos associados a esses produtos [1][2][3][4]. Alguns dos principais resíduos gerados na indústria do petróleo são catalisadores exauridos [5,6].…”