A review of the toxicity of triazole fungicides approved to be used in European Union to the soil and aqueous environment

Roman, Diana Larisa; Voiculescu, Denisa Ioana; Ostafe, Vasile; Ciorsac, Alecu; Isvoran, Adriana

doi:10.2478/auoc-2022-0017

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…Other conazole pesticides found to be toxic to aquatic angiosperms are epoxiconazole and paclobutrazole, with high toxicity on Lemna gibba [ 57 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Assays on Non-Target Organisms to Determine the Risk of Acute Environmental Toxicity in Tebuconazole-Based Fungicides Widely Used in the Black Sea Coastal Area

Tofan

Niță

Nenciu

et al. 2023

Toxics

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The widespread use of Tebuconazole-based fungicides in phytosanitary treatments on a wide range of crops, on the one hand, and the lack of official reports on the amount of fungicide residues in nearby water basins, on the other hand, may lead to uncontrolled and hazardous contamination of water sources used by the resident population, and to serious effects on the environment and public health. Our study explores the acute toxicological risk of this fungicide on various organisms, from bacteria and yeast to fish, using a battery of tests (standardized Toxkit microbiotests and acute semi-static tests). By investigating the interaction between Tebuconazole and bacteria and yeast organisms, we observed that Gram-negative bacteria displayed a strong tolerance for Tebuconazole, while Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts proved to be very sensitive. The fish experiment was conducted on Chelon auratus juveniles exposed to five concentrations of the fungicide Tebustar EW (Tebuconazole, 250 g/L as active substance). After 96 h of exposure, the LC50 for C. auratus was 1.13 mg/L. In the case of the Toxkit microbiotests’ application, the following results were recorded: Spirodela polyrhiza EC50 = 2.204 mg/L (after 72 h exposure), Thamnocephalus platyurus EC50 = 0.115 mg/L (after 24 h), and Daphnia magna EC50 = 2.37 mg/L (after 24–48 h). With the exception of bacteria and yeast, the same response pattern was observed for all non-target species tested; the response range expressed by concentrations causing growth inhibition or mortality was small, ranging between very close values that are quite low, thereby demonstrating the high toxicity of Tebuconazole-based fungicides to the environment.

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“…Other conazole pesticides found to be toxic to aquatic angiosperms are epoxiconazole and paclobutrazole, with high toxicity on Lemna gibba [ 57 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiple Assays on Non-Target Organisms to Determine the Risk of Acute Environmental Toxicity in Tebuconazole-Based Fungicides Widely Used in the Black Sea Coastal Area

Tofan

Niță

Nenciu

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…Additionally, tebuconazole and its metabolites were detected in workers handling the product . Reports have shown that the overuse and residues of pesticides could threaten aquatic organisms and human health. − In pesticides, tebuconazole is among the fungicides with the highest hazards to aquatic ecosystems …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Tebuconazole Exposure Induces Male-Biased Sex Differentiation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae via Aromatase Inhibition

Qiao,

Liang,

Wang

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Tebuconazole is a widely used fungicide for various crops that targets sterol 14-α-demethylase (CYP51) in fungi. However, attention has shifted to aromatase (CYP19) due to limited research indicating its reproductive impact on aquatic organisms. Herein, zebrafish were exposed to 0.5 mg/L tebuconazole at different developmental stages. The proportion of males increased significantly after long-term exposure during the sex differentiation phase (0−60, 5−60, and 19−60 days postfertilization (dpf)). Testosterone levels increased and 17βestradiol and cyp19a1a expression levels decreased during the 5−60 dpf exposure, while the sex ratio was equally distributed on coexposure with 50 ng/L 17β-estradiol. Chemically activated luciferase gene expression bioassays determined that the male-biased sex differentiation was not caused by tebuconazole directly binding to sex hormone receptors. Protein expression and phosphorylation levels were specifically altered in the vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway despite excluding the possibility of tebuconazole directly interacting with kinases. Aromatase was selected for potential target analysis. Molecular docking and aromatase activity assays demonstrated the interactions between tebuconazole and aromatase, highlighting that tebuconazole poses a threat to fish populations by inducing a gender imbalance.

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“…Data from the literature show that triazole fungicides are quite persistent in soil; they decrease the soil enzyme activities and affect the population of microorganisms found in soil and aquatic environments [ 8 , 9 ]. TTZ has been identified in agricultural soils from China with a median value of 1.29 ng per g of soil [ 10 ] and proved to be very persistent in soil with a 90% degradation period of 329–803 days [ 11 ]; however, we were not able to identify consistent information regarding the TTZ effects on the activities of soil enzymes and the soil microbial population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Effects of Triticonazole on Soil and Human Health

et al. 2022

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Triticonazole is a fungicide used to control diseases in numerous plants. The commercial product is a racemate containing (R)- and (S)-triticonazole and its residues have been found in vegetables, fruits, and drinking water. This study considered the effects of triticonazole on soil microorganisms and enzymes and human health by taking into account the enantiomeric structure when applicable. An experimental method was applied for assessing the effects of triticonazole on soil microorganisms and enzymes, and the effects of the stereoisomers on soil enzymes and human health were assessed using a computational approach. There were decreases in dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities and an increase in urease activity when barley and wheat seeds treated with various doses of triticonazole were sown in chernozem soil. At least 21 days were necessary for the enzymes to recover the activities. This was consistent with the diminution of the total number of soil microorganisms in the 14 days after sowing. Both stereoisomers were able to bind to human plasma proteins and were potentially inhibitors of human cytochromes, revealing cardiotoxicity and low endocrine disruption potential. As distinct effects, (R)-TTZ caused skin sensitization, carcinogenicity, and respiratory toxicity. There were no significant differences in the interaction energies of the stereoisomers and soil enzymes, but (S)-TTZ exposed higher interaction energies with plasma proteins and human cytochromes.

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A review of the toxicity of triazole fungicides approved to be used in European Union to the soil and aqueous environment

Cited by 7 publications

References 35 publications

Multiple Assays on Non-Target Organisms to Determine the Risk of Acute Environmental Toxicity in Tebuconazole-Based Fungicides Widely Used in the Black Sea Coastal Area

Multiple Assays on Non-Target Organisms to Determine the Risk of Acute Environmental Toxicity in Tebuconazole-Based Fungicides Widely Used in the Black Sea Coastal Area

Waterborne Tebuconazole Exposure Induces Male-Biased Sex Differentiation in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Larvae via Aromatase Inhibition

Assessment of the Effects of Triticonazole on Soil and Human Health

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