A review of the status of forest elephants Loxodonta africana in Central Africa

From roadkill to road ecology: A review of the ecological effects of roads

“…Reed et al (1996) found in the Rocky Mountains that roads created more forest fragmentation than clearcut logging by ''dissecting large patches into smaller pieces.'' In numerous studies, densities of species are correlated either with road density (negatively) or with distance from road (positively) (Barnes et al, 1995;Canaday, 1996;Huijser and Bergers, 2000;Develey and Stouffer, 2001;Mech et al, 1988). These tend to be species that require interior forest conditions, require extensive home ranges and are shy, or are hunted.…”

“…It is thought that these cumulative secondary effects of logging may be more detrimental to the overall long-term health of tropical forests than the actual logging itself (Laurance, 2001). In the wake of loggers, poachers and local settlers also venture into the local forests and preserves to hunt for subsistence and to augment their incomes (Barnes et al, 1995;Altrichter and Boaglio, 2004). Thus the secondary effects of roads on wildlife mortality extend far beyond the road corridor per se.…”

Correcting temporal frequency distributions for taphonomic bias

“…The population ecology of humans and proboscideans in Africa can provide some guidance. A handful of studies have found regular inverse relationships between human and elephant population densities in Africa, with the relationship either taking a log-linear or wedge-shaped form (Hoare and du Toit, 1999;Parker and Graham, 1989a,b; see also Barnes et al, 1991Barnes et al, , 1995. In northwestern Zimbabwe for example, Hoare and du Toit (1999: p. 636) found that ''elephant density is unrelated to human density until a threshold of human density is reached about 15.6 persons/km 2 .…”

Perceptions and Patterns of Human–elephant Conflict in Old and New Settlements in Sri Lanka: Insights for Mitigation and Management

“…Traditional agricultural practices, though less productive than modern methods, allow for a more harmonious relationship between humans and elephants through resource partitioning. As more land is cleared for permanent agriculture and settlements, the potential for co-existence between man and elephant rapidly decreases, a trend that is pervasive throughout Asia (Johnsingh and Joshua 1994;Sukumar 1989;Bist 1998;Nyhus et al 2000); and Africa (Barnes and Alers 1995;Kiiru 1995;Tchamba et al 1995;Tchamba 1996;O'Connell-Rodwell et al 2000). As conservationists look for innovative ways to ensure the survival of the Asian elephant into the future, some solutions may lie in traditional practices, perceptions, and attitudes of the past.…”