A review of the state of development of aerobic granular sludge technology over the last 20 years: Full-scale applications and resource recovery

Full-scale aerobic granular sludge for municipal wastewater treatment – granule formation, microbial succession, and process performance

“…In R2, the granule/sludge bed settled below the sludge discharge outtake, creating a selection for dense granules early on. Although several environmental factors influence the granulation process, 46,47 the selective removal of the floccular fraction is key to granulation. 48 Since R1 contained large fractions of floccular sludge and small granules prior to reseeding, the sludge discharge resulted in incomplete removal of the floccular fraction as well as the removal of small granules, which occurred frequently (every cycle) due to the short cycle times.…”

Translational challenges and opportunities in biofilm science: a BRIEF for the future

“…By 2006, municipal units were being constructed and 2010 saw the first full-scale municipal plant in operation. When compared to CAS, AGS technology requires 33% lower volumes 66 , up to 75% lower land footprint 58 , 62 , consumes up to 63% less energy 58 , 66 , and therefore reduces the overall operational cost by 50% 70 . It is not surprising, then, that within 25 years, Nereda AGS technology has become a well-established industrial process, with 89 full-scale installations spanning 18 different countries across 6 different continents 71 .…”

Challenges of aerobic granular sludge utilization: Fast start-up strategies and cationic pollutant removal

“…However, some full-scale AGS plants with a continuous process using the hydrocyclone separator have been reported. For example, the continuous systems proposed by S:Select® are based on the selection of AGS with hydrocyclone at sufficiently high pressure to achieve a stable wastewater treatment system [ 12 ]. Further reactor design optimization and improvement of operating conditions are obviously needed [ 13 ].…”