2014
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1361824
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A Review of the Source and Function of Microbiota in Breast Milk

Abstract: Breast milk contains a rich microbiota composed of viable skin and non-skin bacteria. The extent of the breast milk microbiota diversity has been revealed through new culture-independent studies using microbial DNA signatures. However, the extent to which the breast milk microbiota are transferred from mother to infant and the function of these breast milk microbiota for the infant are only partially understood. Here, we appraise hypotheses regarding the formation of breast milk microbiota, including retrograd… Show more

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Cited by 111 publications
(66 citation statements)
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“…Breast milk bacterial composition varies by lactation stage 122 , gestational age 122 , maternal health status 123 and mode of delivery 122,123 . Human breast milk contains a lowbiomass microbiota that has been previously hypothesized to be partially derived from the maternal gut 124,125 . The most abundant genera in the breastmilk microbiota are Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , Serratia and Corynebacterium 125 .…”
Section: Early Postnatal Factorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Breast milk bacterial composition varies by lactation stage 122 , gestational age 122 , maternal health status 123 and mode of delivery 122,123 . Human breast milk contains a lowbiomass microbiota that has been previously hypothesized to be partially derived from the maternal gut 124,125 . The most abundant genera in the breastmilk microbiota are Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , Serratia and Corynebacterium 125 .…”
Section: Early Postnatal Factorsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Conversely, breast milk from mothers with obesity has been shown to harbor a different and less diverse bacterial community than that of normal-weight subjects, including higher levels of Staphylococcus and A. muciniphila and lower levels of Bifidobacterium (Cabrera-Rubio et al 2012; Collado et al 2012), and a different composition of hormones, cytokines, and oligosaccharides (Andreas et al 2014). The source of bacteria in breast milk is unclear, but there is evidence suggesting bacteria residing in the gut might be a source of the breast milk populations (Latuga et al 2014; Rodríguez 2014). …”
Section: The Important Role Of Breast Milk In Colonization Of the Infmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These bacteria have the ability of acidify the gut and decrease the probability of infection by enteric pathogens [24], produce antimicrobial compounds [53], and could be involved in enhancing intestinal barrier protection [54]. Breast milk is a source of bacterial communities transferred from the mother to the child and from the child to the mother during suckling (two way path) [53] [54]; these bacteria colonize the neonatal gut [55]. Among these bacterial microbiota, Lactobacillus [56] and Bifidobacteria [57] species are considered probiotics.…”
Section: Protective Components Of Human Milkmentioning
confidence: 99%