A Review of the Source and Function of Microbiota in Breast Milk

LaTuga, M. Susan; Stuebe, Alison M.; Seed, Patrick C.

doi:10.1055/s-0033-1361824

Cited by 111 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(68 reference statements)

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“…Breast milk bacterial composition varies by lactation stage 122 , gestational age 122 , maternal health status 123 and mode of delivery 122,123 . Human breast milk contains a lowbiomass microbiota that has been previously hypothesized to be partially derived from the maternal gut 124,125 . The most abundant genera in the breastmilk microbiota are Streptococcus , Staphylococcus , Serratia and Corynebacterium 125 .…”

Section: Early Postnatal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue

Wesolowski

Kasmi

Jonscher

et al. 2016

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

169

167

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Changes in the maternal environment leading to an altered intrauterine milieu can result in subtle insults to the fetus, promoting increased lifetime disease risk and/or disease acceleration in childhood and later in life. Particularly worrisome is that the prevalence of NAFLD is rapidly increasing among children and adults, and is being diagnosed at increasingly younger ages, pointing towards an early-life origin. A wealth of evidence, in humans and non-human primates, suggests that maternal nutrition affects the placenta and fetal tissues, leading to persistent changes in hepatic metabolism, mitochondrial function, the intestinal microbiota, liver macrophage activation and susceptibility to NASH postnatally. Deleterious exposures in utero include fetal hypoxia, increased nutrient supply, inflammation and altered gut microbiota that might produce metabolic clues, including fatty acids, metabolites, endotoxins, bile acids and cytokines, which prime the infant liver for NAFLD in a persistent manner and increase susceptibility to NASH. Mechanistic links to early disease pathways might involve shifts in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, pioneering gut microorganisms, macrophage programming and epigenetic changes that alter the liver microenvironment, favouring liver injury. In this Review, we discuss how maternal, fetal, neonatal and infant exposures provide developmental clues and mechanisms to help explain NAFLD acceleration and increased disease prevalence. Mechanisms identified in clinical and preclinical models suggest important opportunities for prevention and intervention that could slow down the growing epidemic of NAFLD in the next generation.NAFLD is a general term used to describe a broad spectrum of liver abnormalities, ranging from simple, uncomplicated hepatic steatosis to NASH, accompanied by different degrees of Correspondence to J.E.F. jed.friedman@ucdenver.edu. Author contributionsAll authors researched data for the article, provided a substantial contribution to discussion of content, wrote the article, and reviewed and edited the manuscript before submission. Competing interests statementThe authors declare no competing interests. HHS Public AccessAuthor manuscript Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2017 December 12. Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptAuthor ManuscriptAuthor Manuscript inflammation and fibrosis. NAFLD is increasing in prevalence, especially in adolescents 1 , despite the levellingoff of the obesity epidemic from 2003-2004 to 2013-2014 in children and adolescents aged 2-19 years (REF.2). The most common chronic liver disease worldwide, NAFLD increases the risk of cardiovascular events eightfold and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) threefold 3 , and is a strong risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 4 . At the time of paediatric NAFLD diagnosis, 25-50% of children have NASH and 10-25% have advanced fibrosis 5 . For many decades, it was thought that NAFLD was predominantly driven by obesity in the setting of genetic suscep...

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Section: Early Postnatal Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue

Wesolowski

Kasmi

Jonscher

et al. 2016

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

169

167

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“…Conversely, breast milk from mothers with obesity has been shown to harbor a different and less diverse bacterial community than that of normal-weight subjects, including higher levels of Staphylococcus and A. muciniphila and lower levels of Bifidobacterium (Cabrera-Rubio et al 2012; Collado et al 2012), and a different composition of hormones, cytokines, and oligosaccharides (Andreas et al 2014). The source of bacteria in breast milk is unclear, but there is evidence suggesting bacteria residing in the gut might be a source of the breast milk populations (Latuga et al 2014; Rodríguez 2014). …”

Section: The Important Role Of Breast Milk In Colonization Of the Infmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: metabolic consequences

Mulligan

Friedman

2017

Journal of Endocrinology

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Transmission of metabolic diseases from mother to child is multifactorial and includes genetic, epigenetic, and environmental influences. Evidence in rodents, humans and non-human primates support the scientific premise that exposure to maternal obesity or high-fat diet during pregnancy creates a long-lasting metabolic signature on the infant innate immune system and the juvenile microbiota which predisposes the offspring to obesity and metabolic diseases. In neonates, gastrointestinal microbes introduced through the mother are noted for their ability to serve as direct inducers/regulators of the infant immune system. Neonates have a limited capacity to initiate an immune response. Thus, disruption of microbial colonization during the early neonatal period results in disrupted postnatal immune responses that highlight the neonatal period as a critical developmental window. Although the mechanisms are poorly understood, increasing evidence suggests that maternal obesity or poor diet influences the development and modulation of the infant liver and other end-organs through direct communication via the portal system, metabolite production, alterations in gut barrier integrity, and the hematopoietic immune cell axis. This review will focus on how maternal obesity and dietary intake influence the composition of the infant gut microbiota and how an imbalance or maladaptation in the microbiota, including changes in early pioneering microbes, might contribute to the programming of offspring metabolism with special emphasis on mechanisms that promote chronic inflammation in the liver. Comprehension of these pathways and mechanisms will elucidate our understanding of developmental programming, and may expand the avenue of opportunities for novel therapeutics.

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“…These bacteria have the ability of acidify the gut and decrease the probability of infection by enteric pathogens [24], produce antimicrobial compounds [53], and could be involved in enhancing intestinal barrier protection [54]. Breast milk is a source of bacterial communities transferred from the mother to the child and from the child to the mother during suckling (two way path) [53] [54]; these bacteria colonize the neonatal gut [55]. Among these bacterial microbiota, Lactobacillus [56] and Bifidobacteria [57] species are considered probiotics.…”

Section: Protective Components Of Human Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Maternal Breast Milk in Preventing Infantile Diarrhea in the Developing World

Turin

Ochoa

2014

Curr Trop Med Rep

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Multiple interventions have been designed to decrease mortality and disability in children. Among these, breastfeeding is the most cost effective intervention for protecting children against diarrhea and all causes of mortality. Human milk is uniquely suited to the human infant, both in its nutritional composition and in the nonnutritive bioactive factors that promote survival and healthy development. Suboptimal breastfeeding has been linked with numerous adverse child health outcomes including increased incidence of diarrhea and pneumonia. This review provides an update regarding recent studies on the effect of breastfeeding on diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries, describes major human milk components responsible for this protective effect (oligosaccharides, secretory immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, bacterial microbiota, etc.), and highlights areas for future research in this topic. Breastfeeding promotion remains an intervention of enormous public health potential to decrease global mortality and promote better growth and neurodevelopment in children.

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A Review of the Source and Function of Microbiota in Breast Milk

Cited by 111 publications

References 65 publications

Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue

Developmental origins of NAFLD: a womb with a clue

Maternal modifiers of the infant gut microbiota: metabolic consequences

The Role of Maternal Breast Milk in Preventing Infantile Diarrhea in the Developing World

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