A Review of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds into Aromatic Amines, Isocyanates, Carbamates, and Ureas Using CO

Tafesh, Ahmed; Weiguny, J.

doi:10.1021/cr950083f

Cited by 687 publications

(349 citation statements)

References 139 publications

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“…The hydrogenation of organic compounds is a fundamental chemical transformation for the production of a large variety of important intermediates in the laboratory and industry [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetically Separable and Sustainable Nanostructured Catalysts for Heterogeneous Reduction of Nitroaromatics

Shokouhimehr

2015

Catalysts

184

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This review is focused on the strategies and designs of magnetic nanostructured catalysts showing the enhanced and sustainable catalytic performances for the heterogeneous reduction of nitoaromatics. Magnetic catalysts have the benefits of easy recovery and reuse after the completion of the reactions and green chemical processes. Magnetic separation, among the various procedures for removing catalysts, not only obviates the requirement of catalyst filtration or centrifugation after the completion of reactions, but also provides a practical technique for recycling the magnetized nanostructured catalysts. Consequently, discussions will address the methodologies and exemplars for the reusable magnetic composite catalysts. Because the synthesis of ideal magnetic nanostructured catalysts is of primary importance in the development of high-quality sustainable processes, the designs, preparation methods and recyclability of various recoverable magnetic nanostructured catalysts are emphasized. The representative methods and strategies for the synthesis of durable and reusable magnetic nanostructured catalysts are highlighted. The advantages, disadvantages, recyclability and the efficiency of the introduced heterogeneous systems have been explored in the reduction of nitrobenzene derivatives.

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“…The hydrogenation of organic compounds is a fundamental chemical transformation for the production of a large variety of important intermediates in the laboratory and industry [1,2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetically Separable and Sustainable Nanostructured Catalysts for Heterogeneous Reduction of Nitroaromatics

Shokouhimehr

2015

Catalysts

184

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“…With regard to the hydrogenation of nitrobenzene, which is used to produce aniline, the reaction can be carried out in gas or liquid phase by using supported metal catalysts an organic solvents such as alcohols, acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate, or aqueous acidic solutions [9,[18][19][20] and CO 2 under supercritical conditions [21]. The use of these solvents has some drawbacks owing to their toxicity, flammability, or environmental hazards.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

HYDROGENATION OF NITROBENZENE ON Au/ZrO2 CATALYSTS

Gómez

Torres

Fierro

et al. 2012

J. Chil. Chem. Soc.

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The hydrogenation of nitrobenzene at 298K and pressure of 40 bar of H 2 over zirconia supported Au catalysts has been studied. Three different procedures were used to prepare 1wt% of Au/ZrO 2 catalysts: i) An impregnation method using HAuCl 4 as gold precursor ii)Depositation precipitation of Au nanoparticles generated in the presence of urea and iii) Deposition of Gold nanoparticles generated in presence of cetryltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMABR) as surfactant. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms at 77 K, XRD, TEM and XPS techniques. The reactions were carried out in a stainless steel batch reactor using ethanol as solvent. The catalysts exhibits a higher selectivity to aniline, with low accumulation of intermediate products. The kinetic study displayed orders 1 respect to hydrogen pressure and to the substrate concentration (nitrobenzene), and the activation energy was 67.2 KJ/mol.

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“…There is considerable interest in phosgene-free processes for the production of isocyanates from nitroaromatics (nitrenes are proposed as intermediates) using latetransition-metal catalysts. 5,9 For example, Moiseev et al…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bonding and Structure of Copper Nitrenes

2008

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Copper nitrenes are of interest as intermediates in the catalytic aziridination of olefins and the amination of C-H bonds. However, despite advances in the isolation and study of late-transition-metal multiply bonded complexes, a bona fide structurally characterized example of a terminal copper nitrene has, to our knowledge, not been reported.In anticipation of such a report, terminal copper nitrenes are studied from a computational perspective. The nitrene complexes studied here are of the form ( -diketiminate)Cu(NPh). Density functional theory (DFT), complete active space self-consistent-field (CASSCF) electronic structure techniques, and hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) methods are employed to study such species. While DFT methods indicate that a triplet (S ) 1) is the ground state, CASSCF calculations indicate that a singlet (S ) 0) is the ground state, with only a small energy gap between the singlet and triplet. Moreover, the ground-state (open-shell) singlet copper nitrene is found to be highly multiconfigurational (i.e., biradical) and to possess a bent geometry about the nitrene nitrogen, contrasting with the linear nitrene geometry of the triplet copper nitrenes. CASSCF calculations also reveal the existence of a closed-shell singlet state with some degree of multiple bonding character for the copper-nitrene bond.

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A Review of the Selective Catalytic Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds into Aromatic Amines, Isocyanates, Carbamates, and Ureas Using CO

Cited by 687 publications

References 139 publications

Magnetically Separable and Sustainable Nanostructured Catalysts for Heterogeneous Reduction of Nitroaromatics

Magnetically Separable and Sustainable Nanostructured Catalysts for Heterogeneous Reduction of Nitroaromatics

HYDROGENATION OF NITROBENZENE ON Au/ZrO2 CATALYSTS

Bonding and Structure of Copper Nitrenes

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