A Review of the Parameters Related to the Rubber Sheets Production: Major Constituents of Rubber Latex, Rubber Particles, Particle Interaction of Rubber Latex, Rubber Porous Structure, Rubber Drying Kinetics and Energy Consumption

Abstract

Natural rubber (NR) is obtained principally from Para-rubber trees of the species Hevea brasiliensis which grow in tropical regions. Using ultra-centrifugation method, fresh latex (FL) from Para-rubber trees can be mainly divided into four fractions; an upper white layer consists of rubber particles, Frey-Wyssling particles in a yellow or an orange layer, C-serum phase and lutiods particles in the bottom fraction [1-3]. The averages of rubber particles have diameters of 0.02 to 3.0 micron, and they are protected by a complex film containing lipids and proteins [4-8]. The main forces of attraction between neighboring rubber particles in latex system can be divided into five force types; Structural Forces (SF), Van der Waals Interaction (VWI), Electrostatic Force (EF), Exclusion Interaction (EI) and Polymer-Polymer Interaction (PPI) [9]. The porous model of rubber structure used to describe moisture transfer was based on the existence of two different regions referred to as non-hygroscopic region and hygroscopic region. The rubber products drying always produced a considerable shrinkage effect which considered in the physical of the product, such as the diffusion coefficient, mass and heat transfer. An initial moisture content of raw material, the experimental temperature and the drying equipment had affect to the EMC isotherms and the drying kinetics. Finally, discussions on the implications of the results for strategies to reduce the energy consumption in RSS and STR20 block rubber are also presented.

Thin-Layer Drying Kinetics of Pseudapocryptes Elongatus Fish in a Convective Dryer

“…Based on experimental data, the twelve TLD models were used to choose the best model describing the drying behaviour of Pseudapocryptes Elongatus fish. The models are selected because of their popularity; details are shown in Table 1 [4,17,18].…”

Vulcanization Bonded Natural Rubber-Aluminum by Chemically Modified Graphene Nanoplatelets-Epoxy Adhesive without Primer

“…The E-GNP adhesives bonded to a higher density of irregularly shaped coalesce rubber droplets resulting from clustering NR particles, with sizes ranging from approximately 10 to 30 µm. Eakvanich et al, [33] noted that the individual NR particles typically have diameters of 0.02 to 3.0 µm. This observation suggests an enhanced vulcanization bonding efficacy within the system.…”

Mathematical Models of Natural Rubber Sheets Drying: Difference Acid Coagulation Cases

“…Many researchers studied the mathematical model for the drying kinetics of food products [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. However, there are very few reports on the mathematical model changes of NR sheets drying and its composites [22,23].…”