A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum

Monks, Paul S.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00129-1

Cited by 472 publications

(358 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…For instance, a phenomenon that is still under debate is the spring O 3 maximum that is observed at many background surface measurement stations in the northern hemisphere, typically in late April or May [Derwent et al, 1998;Harris et al, 1998;Monks, 2000]. A qualitative comparison of the seasonal cycles of the surface O 3 mixing ratios with those of net cross-tropopause fluxes of O 3 , which both show a spring maximum, has often led to the conclusion that surface O 3 and STT are strongly related to each other.…”

Section: Impact Of Ste On Tropospheric Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO

et al. 2003

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[1] This paper provides a review of stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE), with a focus on processes in the extratropics. It also addresses the relevance of STE for tropospheric chemistry, particularly its influence on the oxidative capacity of the troposphere. After summarizing the current state of knowledge, the objectives of the project Influence of Stratosphere-Troposphere Exchange in a Changing Climate on Atmospheric Transport and Oxidation Capacity (STACCATO), recently funded by the European Union, are outlined. Several papers in this Journal of Geophysical ResearchAtmospheres special section present the results of this project, of which this paper gives an overview. STACCATO developed a new concept of STE in the extratropics, explored the capacities of different types of methods and models to diagnose STE, and identified their various strengths and shortcomings. Extensive measurements were made in central Europe, including the first monitoring over an extended period of time of beryllium-10 ( 10 Be), to provide a suitable database for case studies of stratospheric intrusions and for model validation. Photochemical models were used to examine the impact of STE on tropospheric ozone and the oxidizing capacity of the troposphere. Studies of the present interannual variability of STE and projections into the future were made using reanalysis data and climate models.

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Section: Impact Of Ste On Tropospheric Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO

et al. 2003

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“…19 As part of the TOPSE (Tropospheric Ozone Production about the Spring Equinox) experiment a series of measurements of radical and tracer species were made from an airborne platform. 20 Radical measurements 21 coupled to the relevant source gases and actinic flux can be used to diagnose the fast photochemistry.…”

Section: Experimental Evidencementioning

confidence: 99%

Gas-phase radical chemistry in the troposphere

2005

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“…The average O 3 concentration in unpolluted 'background' air had also increased, particularly in northern and western Europe, and in winter. However, the variability in weather patterns from year to year leads to a varying contribution of urban plumes at remote sites which can confound long-term trends, especially as it has been shown that the springtime maximum in average O 3 concentrations across Europe has a large contribution from O 3 formation in polluted European air (Monks, 2000). However, the report concluded that direct and measurable changes in mean O 3 concentrations that are attributable to emissions reductions are small, especially in the context of high year-to-year variability.…”

Section: Evidence For Recent Trends In Ground-level Ozone Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface ozone concentrations and ecosystem health: Past trends and a guide to future projections

Cape

2008

Science of The Total Environment

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This paper reviews current understanding of the sources and sinks of ozone in the troposphere, recent studies of long-term trends, and the factors which have to be taken into consideration when constructing and interpreting future models of ozone concentration. The factors controlling surface O 3 concentrations are discussed initially to provide a basis for the ensuing discussion, followed by a summary of the evidence for recent trends in ground-level ozone concentrations, i.e. over the past 3 decades, which have shown a significant increase in the annual average in 'background' air typical of the unpolluted northern hemisphere. Closer to precursor sources, although urban winter concentrations have increased, rural peak spring and summer concentrations during ozone 'episodes' have decreased markedly in response to emissions reductions. In order to determine whether such trends are meaningful, the statistical techniques for determining temporal trends are reviewed. The possible causes of long-term trends in ozone are then discussed, with particular reference to the use of chemistry-transport models to interpret past trends. Such models are also used to make predictions of future trends in surface ozone concentrations, but few are comprehensive in integrating future climate changes with changes in land use and in emissions of ozone precursors. Guidance is given on the likely effects of climate/precursor/chemistry interactions so that model predictions can be judged.

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A review of the observations and origins of the spring ozone maximum

Cited by 472 publications

References 116 publications

Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO

Stratosphere‐troposphere exchange: A review, and what we have learned from STACCATO

Gas-phase radical chemistry in the troposphere

Surface ozone concentrations and ecosystem health: Past trends and a guide to future projections

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