A Review of the Multi-Physical Characteristics of Plant Aggregates and Their Effects on the Properties of Plant-Based Concrete

Abstract

The use of plant aggregates obtained from agricultural co-products mixed with mineral binders to form eco-friendly insulating building materials has been initiated for a few years to bring environmentally friendly solutions to the construction sector. Several studies on different agro-resources have already been carried out, providing various information about the properties of plant aggregates and plant-based concrete. However, the characteristics of the agricultural co-product, which allow it to qualify as a plant aggregate for plant-based concrete, are not yet very clear despite the multitude of data, especially on hemp concrete. Therefore, it is important to gather numerous but very disparate pieces of information available in the literature concerning the properties of plant aggregates and their correlations with composites. This review is based on the results of 120 articles and aims to identify the characterization methods and the multi-physical properties of plant aggregates affecting those of plant-based concrete and to propose additional factors that could influence the properties of the composites. A total of 18 plant aggregates of different origins used for plant-based concrete have been listed in the literature. In France, hemp shiv is the most studied one, but its quantity is quite low unlike cereal or oilseed straws and wood transformation residues. With the existence of several characterization methods, properties like microstructure, particle size distribution, bulk density, water absorption capacity, and chemical composition of aggregates are easily and frequently determined. In contrast, data on the apparent density of particles, the skeleton density, and the hygro-thermal properties of aggregates are rare. The particle size, density, and porosity have been identified as important parameters influencing the properties of the composites. Other parameters related to the behavior of the aggregates under wet compaction and compression of their stacking can also predict the physical and mechanical properties of the obtained plant-based concrete. Dosages of the constituents should be preferred as formulation parameters for future studies assessing the impact of the aggregate properties on the composites.

Microstructure of Bio-Based Building Materials: New Insights into the Hysteresis Phenomenon and Its Consequences

“…Thus, three different mechanisms schematically describe how water is adsorbed in the pore network of bio-based building materials (Figure 3) [17][18][19][20][21]. [12], and longitudinal (j) and transversal (k) images of hemp shiv [4].…”

“…Figure 2. SEM cross-sectional images of (a) hemp shiv, (b) flax shiv, (c) barley straw, (d) wheat straw, (e) I sunflower pith, (f) rape straw, (g) corn cob, (h) rice husk, and (i) miscanthus stem[12], and longitudinal (j) and transversal (k) images of hemp shiv[4].…”

Bio-based materials from sunflower co-products, a way to generate economical value with low environmental footprint

“…These include bending and compression tests, water resistance by determining the capillary water absorption coefficient, water vapour permeability, sound absorption properties, fire resistance, resistance to microbial growth, etc. In particular, IB3 is expected to have high water vapour permeability value, as for the vast majority of plant fiber-based insulating materials (Ratsimbazafy et al, 2021). IB3 would therefore be a "breathable" material, which could ultimately contribute to improving living comfort in home.…”

Hygroscopicity and Morphology of Bio-Based Boards—The Influence of the Formulation

“…This technique has been employed in several fields, such as medical, industrial, and cultural heritage [53], as well as to investigate bio-based composites [54]. It provides information such as the pore size distribution, porosity, and tortuosity of the porous network [55]. In this work, X-ray computed tomography ensured the identification of the distributions of the aggregates and adhesive and the porosities of the bio-based boards.…”