A review of the modern principles and applications of solid-phase extraction techniques in chromatographic analysis

Abstract

Analytical processes involving sample preparation, separation, and quantifying analytes in complex mixtures are indispensable in modern-day analysis. Each step is crucial to enriching correct and informative results. Therefore, sample preparation is the critical factor that determines both the accuracy and the time consumption of a sample analysis process. Recently, several promising sample preparation approaches have been made available with environmentally friendly technologies with high performance. As a result of its many advantages, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is practiced in many different fields in addition to the traditional methods. The SPE is an alternative method to liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), which eliminates several disadvantages, including many organic solvents, a lengthy operation time and numerous steps, potential sources of error, and high costs. SPE advanced sorbent technology reorients with various functions depending on the structure of extraction sorbents, including reversed-phase, normal-phase, cation exchange, anion exchange, and mixed-mode. In addition, the commercial SPE systems are disposable. Still, with the continual developments, the restricted access materials (RAM) and molecular imprinted polymers (MIP) are fabricated to be active reusable extraction cartridges. This review will discuss all the theoretical and practical principles of the SPE techniques, focusing on packing materials, different forms, and performing factors in recent and future advances. The information about novel methodological and instrumental solutions in relation to different variants of SPE techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in-tube solid-phase microextraction (IT-SPME), and magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) is presented. The integration of SPE with analytical chromatographic techniques such as LC and GC is also indicated. Furthermore, the applications of these techniques are discussed in detail along with their advantages in analyzing pharmaceuticals, biological samples, natural compounds, pesticides, and environmental pollutants, as well as foods and beverages. Graphical abstract

Comparison of recovery efficiency and matrix effect reduction in pesticide residue analysis: QuEChERS with d-SPE, SPE, and FaPEx in apples and Korean cabbage

“…In SPE-based clean-up methods, determining the amount of solvent that can sufficiently elute pesticides is crucial for achieving acceptable recovery rates. 28 However, to increase the recovery rates, it is necessary to consider the sensitivity of the analytical equipment, because increasing the volume of the solvent may not meet the LoQ requirements. Chuang et al (2019) used 1 g of apples and 5 mL of ACN containing 1% acetic acid as the extraction solvent and showed that the FaPEx analysis led to a 50% proportion of pesticides in group II, which was lower than that observed in this study.…”

“…Chuang et al (2019) reported that multi-residue analysis using FaPEx for mangoes and carrots showed that propamocarb, a pesticide overlapping with this study, was out of the appropriate recovery rate range, whereas spinetoram was included in the appropriate recovery rate. 28 Among the pesticides exceeding the appropriate recovery rate range, propamocarb has a solubility of 900 000 mg L −1 in water, similar to that in the polar organic solvents methanol (933 000) and acetone (921 000), which are presumed to have inuenced the extraction efficiency and, consequently, the recovery rate. As the number of oxygen atoms in the molecular structure increases, the polarity increases, leading to relatively higher solubility in polar solvents.…”

Atomic spectrometry update: review of advances in elemental speciation

“…A review of SPE (245 references) contains a comprehensive coverage of the principles, but as the review is limited to the use of SPE in procedures that also require further chromatographic separation. 15 The applications reviewed are mostly those featuring molecular analytes but there is a short section on metal speciation within the relatively long section on pesticides and environmental pollutants, and even shorter coverage in the section on foods and beverages. A more general review covering the past 5 years (167 references) of sample preparation for the elemental analysis of environmental samples, does contain substantial coverage of elemental speciation.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Adsorbents for the Selective Removal of Pharmaceuticals from Wastewater: Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamics Studies

“…30,32 Consequently, solid-phase extraction (SPE), which uses stationary phases like nonpolar polymer or C18-bonded silica, is the most used technique for the extraction and cleanup of solutes of interest. 33 The term "sample cleanup" describes the enrichment or extraction of specified analytes from simple or complicated matrices. 34 This step is commonly followed by chromatographic techniques which then separate the extracted targeted analytes from the complex mixtures.…”