A review of the mechanisms that confer antibiotic resistance in pathotypes of E. coli

Abstract

The dissemination of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli poses a significant threat to public health worldwide. This review provides a comprehensive update on the diverse mechanisms employed by E. coli in developing resistance to antibiotics. We primarily focus on pathotypes of E. coli (e.g., uropathogenic E. coli) and investigate the genetic determinants and molecular pathways that confer resistance, shedding light on both well-characterized and recently discovered mechanisms. The most prevalent mechanism continues to be the acquisition of resistance genes through horizontal gene transfer, facilitated by mobile genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons. We discuss the role of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and carbapenemases in conferring resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, which remain vital in clinical practice. The review covers the key resistant mechanisms, including: 1) Efflux pumps and porin mutations that mediate resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides; 2) adaptive strategies employed by E. coli, including biofilm formation, persister cell formation, and the activation of stress response systems, to withstand antibiotic pressure; and 3) the role of regulatory systems in coordinating resistance mechanisms, providing insights into potential targets for therapeutic interventions. Understanding the intricate network of antibiotic resistance mechanisms in E. coli is crucial for the development of effective strategies to combat this growing public health crisis. By clarifying these mechanisms, we aim to pave the way for the design of innovative therapeutic approaches and the implementation of prudent antibiotic stewardship practices to preserve the efficacy of current antibiotics and ensure a sustainable future for healthcare.

Cationic Biocides Tend to Embed into the Inner Layer of the Model Outer Membrane Vesicles of Gram-negative Bacteria: Computational Insights

“…The discovery of considerable barriers of 300-600 pN for methylene blue and octenidine suggests that these biocides may enter the bacterial cells via an alternate pathway. It is believed that biocides with a molecular weight of up to 600 Da penetrate the outer membrane of GNB through porin channels and have an antibacterial effects on the bacterial plasma membrane and intracellular structures [6,69]. However, the potential effects of biocides located in the periplasmic space on the phospholipid monolayer of the outer membrane are not fully understood.…”