A review of the literature concerning HIV and cigarette smoking: Morbidity and mortality, associations with individual- and social-level characteristics, and smoking cessation efforts

Abstract

Cigarette smoking is endemic among many populations, but is especially prevalent among people living with HIV, and is consequently associated with a variety of types of morbidity as well as mortality. Despite this knowledge, relatively little research has been conducted among smokers living with HIV. Extant research has focused on examining individual-level characteristics associated with smoking behaviors, to the neglect of examining social-level factors. This manuscript represents a critical literature review of the intersecting research fields of HIV and cigarette smoking. Topics considered within this review include: morbidity, mortality, as well as treatment and medication adherence outcomes; individual- and social-level characteristics associated with various smoking behaviors; evidence-based smoking cessation interventions; and findings from cessation interventions among smokers living with HIV. Additionally, gaps in the existing literature, as well as directions for future research were identified and discussed.

The Moderating Effect of Smoking Status on the Relation between Anxiety Sensitivity, Sexual Compulsivity, and Suicidality among People with HIV/AIDS

“…Thus, individuals with high anxiety sensitivity who use tobacco as a coping method may be increasing their risk for aversive mental health and physical health symptoms, and may in turn, be placing themselves at a greater risk for other maladaptive health behaviors (e.g., alcohol abuse, risky sexual behavior, and deliberate self-harm) to cope with such distress. This type of perspective is consistent broadly with syndemic models of HIV (Pacek & Crum, 2015). Thus, anxiety sensitivity-health behavior and health outcomes may be particularly robust among smokers compared to non-smokers.…”

Community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adult HIV-infected patients

“…Smoking impacts on the immune system's capacity to mount an appropriate immune and inflammatory response to infections such as CAP, and this effect has also been observed in passive smokers (22,29,30). Some studies have suggested that there is an association between smoking and a poor virological and immunological response to ART (31)(32)(33)(34). This was confirmed in a recent study by Hile et al (35), who studied the It has been reported that approximately 25% of HIV-infected patients have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (36).…”

Monocyte-derived exosomes upon exposure to cigarette smoke condensate alter their characteristics and show protective effect against cytotoxicity and HIV-1 replication

“…Within the United States, approximately 40% of the HIV-1-infected population are current smokers 15 , 16 . Despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), smoking is known to exacerbate morbidity and mortality in HIV-1 patients 16 – 18 . In HIV-1 patients, smoking further weakens the immune system resulting in a higher risk of virological rebound, an increased rate of immunologic failure, and a decreased response to HAART 19 , 20 .…”