A Review of the Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in the New World

Grimaldi, Gabriel; Tesh, Robert B.; McMahon-Pratt, Diane

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1989.41.687

Cited by 411 publications

(276 citation statements)

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“…In this area, it is common to maintain dogs, cats, horses, mules, donkeys, guinea-pigs, and other domestic animals in and around the home. Many of these species have been implicated as possible peridomestic disease reservoirs (WHO 1990;Grimaldi et al 1987; or nutritional attractants (i.e. provide blood meals).…”

Section: R X Armijos Et Al Epidemiology Of Leishmaniasis In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador

Armijos

Weigel

Izurieta

et al. 1997

Tropical Med Int Health

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SummaryAn epidemiologic survey (n=466) was conducted in an area of subtropical rainforest in north-west Ecuador with the following objectives: (1) to determine the prevalence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), (2) to identify the Leishmania species causing human disease, (3) to investigate the major clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis, (4) to study cellular and humoral immune response indicators associated with disease status and (5) to identify risk factors for CL. Fourteen per cent of subjects had parasitologically confirmed CL; 33% had evidence of prior disease. However, 17.2% of subjects with a negative CL clinical history presented with a positive Montenegro skin test (MST), indicating the possibility of subclinical infection. The species isolated from subject lesions were L. guyanensis (63%), L. panamensis (33%), and L. brazilensis (4%). Mean specific anti-Leishmania IgG and IgM OD serum levels were highest in subjects diagnosed with current CL, followed by those with prior CL, and were lowest in healthy subjects, respectively (0.56 0.27 vs 0.33 0.2 vs 0.22 0.14; F-ratio=74; P<0.00001) and (665 270 vs 481 220 vs 301 128.5; F-ratio=37; P<0.00001). Likewise, subjects with present CL had measurably higher MST reactions (13 6.7 mm) than those with prior CL (10.9 7.8 mm) or healthy individuals (2.4 2.5 mm; F-ratio=106; P<0.00001). Serum concentrations of IgG were predicted by lesion number (t=2.5; P=0.018), size (t=3.7; P=0.0006), and duration (t=3.5; P=0.0013). Furthermore, the MST induration size increased as a function of lesion number (t=3.0; P=0.005) and size (t=3.4; P=0.022). Subject age and sex did not predict serum IgG or IgM concentrations or MST reactions in the 3 disease groups. Although no sex differences were found with respect to clinical characteristics, children^12 years of age were almost 3 times more likely to have CL lesions or scars located on the face and head area compared to adults (OR=2.75; 95% CI=1. 4-5.6, P=0.004). The risk factors associated with disease included age under 5 years (AOR=1.5; 95% CI=0.48-2.35), male gender in adults (AOR=2.8; 95% CI=1.1-7.8), and wood and/or cane exterior house walls (AOR=1.8; 95% CI=1.4-2.5). In contrast, electric home lighting was associated with decreased risk (AOR=0.7; 95% CI=0.4-2.3). The results suggest that it may be possible to modify a portion of the risk of CL by making changes in the housing environment which may help to reduce the amount of human-vector contact.

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Section: R X Armijos Et Al Epidemiology Of Leishmaniasis In Ecuadormentioning

confidence: 99%

The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador

Armijos

Weigel

Izurieta

et al. 1997

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…Nas Américas, a LV ocorre desde o México até a Argentina, sendo que cerca de 90% dos casos humanos descritos são procedentes do Brasil 16 . A LV apresenta amplo espectro epidemiológico no mundo, ocorrendo em vastas áreas tropicais e subtropicais do globo, podendo apresentar-se como zoonose, antroponose ou antropozoonose, estas duas últimas, quando o homem atua como reservatório no ciclo de transmissão do parasito 21 .…”

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Leishmaniose visceral: estudo de flebotomíneos e infecção canina em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Monteiro

Silva

Costa

et al. 2005

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

114

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RESUMO A leishmaniose visceral no Brasil estava inicialmente associada a áreas rurais, mas devido às diversas alterações no ambiente como, desmatamentos, urbanização e intenso processo migratório, ocorreu a expansão das áreas endêmicas, levando à urbanização da doença, principalmente nas regiõesAs leishmanioses são doenças enzoóticas e zoonóticas causadas por protozoários parasitas, morfologicamente similares, do gênero Leishmania (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), podendo acometer o homem 6 .A leishmaniose visceral (LV) vem se tornando um importante problema de Saúde Pública, devido à sua incidência e alta letalidade, não só nas Américas mas na Europa, África, Ásia e Oriente Médio 17 . Nas Américas, a LV ocorre desde o México até a Argentina, sendo que cerca de 90% dos casos humanos descritos são procedentes do Brasil 16 . A LV apresenta amplo espectro epidemiológico no mundo, ocorrendo em vastas áreas tropicais e subtropicais do globo, podendo apresentar-se como zoonose, antroponose ou antropozoonose, estas duas últimas, quando o homem atua como reservatório no ciclo de transmissão do parasito 21 .

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“…The parasite exists in distinct morphologic forms in the hosts. The promastigote, a flagellated extracellular form, is found in the sand fly vector host, whereas the amastigotes, an unflagellated intracellular parasite, is commonly found in macrophages of mammalian host tissue (Grimaldi et al, 1989;Ashford, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatic granulomas in canine visceral leishmaniasis and clinical status

Sant'Ana¹,

Lima²,

Oliveira

et al. 2007

Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec.

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The histopathological description of intralobular hepatic granulomas in animals with a defined clinical status (asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic and symptomatic animals) was reported. Seventy-one mongrel dogs naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi were obtained from two Brazilian endemic areas: João Pessoa, PB and Belo Horizonte, MG. The hepatic parasite load was determined and compared to granuloma formation. Liver fragments from all infected animals showed remarkable leishmaniotic granulomatous inflammatory reaction. Granulomas with variable size were constituted by macrophages (parasitized or not with amastigotes of L. chagasi), some epithelioid cells, small numbers of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and rare neutrophils. Asymptomatic dogs had higher numbers of granulomas than oligosymptomatic and symptomatic animals from both geographical regions. However, the average diametric size of granulomas was very heterogeneous in all groups, independently of the geographic region (P>0.05). Parasite tissue load did not show any difference among liver fragments of all animals, especially when considering the defined clinical status and/or their geographic origin.

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A Review of the Geographic Distribution and Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis in the New World

Cited by 411 publications

References 0 publications

The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador

The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in subtropical Ecuador

Leishmaniose visceral: estudo de flebotomíneos e infecção canina em Montes Claros, Minas Gerais

Hepatic granulomas in canine visceral leishmaniasis and clinical status

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