A review of the estimation and heating methods for lithium‐ion batteries pack at the cold environment

Abstract

The application of lithium‐ion batteries especially for electric vehicles has been limited by the factors of safety, lifetime, charging time, and cost. One of the principal limitations is that the performance of Li‐ion batteries drops intensely in a cold environment. Cold environment dramatically reduces the available capacity of the batteries and increases its internal impedance at the same time. Therefore, the estimation of state‐of‐health is of great importance in battery performance evaluation and lifetime prediction. Furthermore, the heating methods need to be developed to ensure that batteries work in abnormal temperature conditions. This paper conducts a comprehensive review specifically on the poor performance of lithium‐ion cells under severe conditions. The content contains three sections. First, a comprehensive study on the aging mechanisms of lithium‐ion batteries at cold temperatures is undertaken. Second, the estimation methods of the health state of the batteries are conducted, which is vital to understand the fundamentals and quantify the performance and aging effects for lithium‐ion batteries. Third, the heating methods are classified and studied in detail to reduce the degradation mechanism and promote the performance of lithium‐ion batteries under sub‐zero conditions.

Multi‐objective optimization of lithium‐ion battery pack casing for electric vehicles: Key role of materials design and their influence

“…However, a pack consists of various forms of electromechanical structures; and these components should be designed from static, dynamic, and thermal perspectives. To achieve a comprehensive and reliable battery pack design, multidisciplinary characteristics of vibration, stiffness, load capacity, and thermal should be considered; mathematical modelling, structural analysis, and performance evaluation should be included the design process …”

An experimental investigation of liquid cooling scheduling for a battery module

“…As the dominant power supply of EVs, lithium‐ion cells' safety issue is crucial for the development of EVs. However, Li‐ion battery cells are sensitive to ambient temperature . To ensure its safety and performance, Li‐ion battery cells' temperature should be maintained within the appropriate range (20°C‐40°C) .…”

“…However, Li-ion battery cells are sensitive to ambient temperature. 1 To ensure its safety and performance, Li-ion battery cells' temperature should be maintained within the appropriate range (20 C-40 C). 2,3 Inconsistency between single cells limits the actual available capacity, voltage, and other performance parameters, and the overheating of one cell also speeds up the other cells' temperature rising.…”

A thermal‐structure coupled optimization study of lithium‐ion battery modules with mist cooling

“…2,3 However, the electrochemical properties of a battery pack depends on the ambient temperature. Li-ion battery cell's appropriate temperature ranges from 25 C to 40 C. 4,5 Extreme high working temperature results in irreversible chemical reactions, such as the phenomenon of thermal runaway. [6][7][8] To ensure the safety, efficiency, and cycle-life of a battery pack, a reliable cooling structure is urgently needed to control the temperature within an appropriate temperature range.…”

“…However, the electrochemical properties of a battery pack depends on the ambient temperature. Li‐ion battery cell's appropriate temperature ranges from 25°C to 40°C 4,5 . Extreme high working temperature results in irreversible chemical reactions, such as the phenomenon of thermal runaway 6-8 .…”