A Review of the Diagnosis, Pharmacologic Treatment, and Economic Aspects of Anxiety Disorders

Arikian, Steven R.; Gorman, Jack M.

doi:10.4088/pcc.v03n0302

Cited by 38 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…It has been well established that anxiety disorders are associated with substantial health economic burden (3,36). It also draws attention to the somewhat better rates of antidepressant adherence that occur in specialty mental health settings compared with primary care settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant Adherence and Medical Resource Use Among Managed Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders

Stein¹,

Cantrell²,

Sokol³

et al. 2006

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antidepressant Adherence and Medical Resource Use Among Managed Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders

Stein¹,

Cantrell²,

Sokol³

et al. 2006

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“…For example, individuals with an anxiety disorder also may present with physical symptoms such as heart palpitations, nonspecific gastrointestinal, genitourinary, musculoskeletal, or somatosensory complaints [Arikian and Gorman, 2001]. The comorbidity between anxiety disorders and major depression or dysthymia has been estimated to be as high as 70% .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additional anxiety disorder diagnoses include acute stress disorder, anxiety disorders due to a general medical condition, anxiety disorders induced by a substance, or anxiety not otherwise specified [American Psychiatric Association, 1995]. Generally, anxiety disorders are characterized by psychic symptoms that include excessive worry, fear, preoccupation, obsessive thoughts, and apprehension [Arikian and Gorman, 2001].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs

et al. 2005

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The purpose of this retrospective, multivariate analysis is to examine how medical conditions and demographic characteristics affect the costs of treating individuals diagnosed with anxiety. Data from MarketScan Databases [The MEDSTAT Group, 2000] were used to identify individuals with new episodes of anxiety. Multivariate analysis was used, with the dependent variable being the log of total medical costs. This analysis controlled for demographic characteristics, medical comorbidities, anxiety diagnosis, and prior resource utilization. A smearing estimate is used to calculate the total medical costs for patients with any anxiety disorder. The mean estimated total medical cost for individuals diagnosed with any anxiety disorder was $6,475. The multivariate model indicates that controlling for demographics and other disease states, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are associated with a $2,138, $1,603, and $3,940 increase, respectively, in the total medical cost (P < .0001). The incremental impact of depression, other anxiety disorders, and prior mental health diagnoses on the total medical costs were $1,945, $1,900, and $1,515, respectively (P < .0001). Individuals with the highest costs, and therefore the greatest need for intervention, are anxious patients with depression, individuals diagnosed with PTSD or GAD, and individuals diagnosed with both anxiety and a comorbid medical condition such as an acute myocardial infarction or diabetes.

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“…Early and effective treatment with appropriate medication and psychotherapeutic interventions can significantly reduce the psychological burden of anxiety symptoms and, in addition, lower the overall costs of the disorder to the health system and to society [79,80]. Therefore, a migrant-specific treatment approach is essential.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety Disorders through a Transcultural Perspective: Implications for Migrants

Agorastos

Huber²

2012

Psychopathology

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Background/Methods: This paper analyses the psychopathology and differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders and their worldwide prevalence. It focuses particularly on migrant-specific aetiopathogenetic factors and approaches prevalence and important cultural aspects of anxiety disorders in migrants as a narrative empirical review. Results: Transcultural research demonstrates the universal existence of anxiety disorders. However, the cross-cultural comparison of the epidemiological data is complicated and often leads to systematic bias. The described psychopathology varies significantly across cultures, indicating different ways of expressing and experiencing the basic emotion of anxiety. As a result, anxiety disorders manifest themselves differently across cultures, which may affect the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure. Migration is an additional extraordinary stressor playing a substantial role in the development of anxiety disorders. However, despite the high prevalence of anxiety disorders among migrants, a high threshold due to several barriers leads to an underrepresentation of migrants in the utilization of the mental health system. Conclusions: In the transcultural differential diagnosis of anxiety disorders, as among migrants, understanding and openness to other cultures and their standards is essential. Thereby, a migrant-specific treatment approach with a long-term binding of patients in a multimodal and culture-sensitive and -permissive treatment option is of vital importance.

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A Review of the Diagnosis, Pharmacologic Treatment, and Economic Aspects of Anxiety Disorders

Cited by 38 publications

References 37 publications

Antidepressant Adherence and Medical Resource Use Among Managed Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders

Antidepressant Adherence and Medical Resource Use Among Managed Care Patients With Anxiety Disorders

The cost of treating anxiety: the medical and demographic correlates that impact total medical costs

Anxiety Disorders through a Transcultural Perspective: Implications for Migrants

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