A review of the degradation mechanisms of NCM cathodes and corresponding mitigation strategies

Britala, Liga; Marinaro, Mario; Kucinskis, Gints

doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.108875

Cited by 21 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 308 publications

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“…Taking these elements as the main ones, material data concerning the analyzed batteries were developed. Data were prepared based on a literature review, e.g., [35,49,50], the GREET v1.3.0.13991 model [51],…”

Section: Subject Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on other studies, for example [35,50], it was assumed that the functional unit for the analyzed batteries was 1 kg of material per 1000 kWh of energy stored in these batteries [49]. Furthermore, following the authors of a previous study [50], it was assumed that the average weight of batteries used in electric vehicles was approximately 300 kg. All data covering the materials of the tested batteries were converted according to this functional unit.…”

Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…following the authors of a previous study [50], it was assumed that the average weight of batteries used in electric vehicles was approximately 300 kg. All data covering the materials of the tested batteries were converted according to this functional unit.…”

Section: System Boundarymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Siwiec,

Frącz,

Pacana

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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The development of batteries used in electric vehicles towards sustainable development poses challenges to designers and manufacturers. Although there has been research on the analysis of the environmental impact of batteries during their life cycle (LCA), there is still a lack of comparative analyses focusing on the first phase, i.e., the extraction and processing of materials. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a detailed comparative analysis of popular electric vehicle batteries. The research method was based on the analysis of environmental burdens regarding the ecological footprint of the extraction and processing of materials in the life cycle of batteries for electric vehicles. Popular batteries were analyzed: lithium-ion (Li-Ion), lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4), and three-component lithium nickel cobalt manganese (NCM). The ecological footprint criteria were carbon dioxide emissions, land use (including modernization and land development) and nuclear energy emissions. This research was based on data from the GREET model and data from the Ecoinvent database in the OpenLCA programme. The results of the analysis showed that considering the environmental loads for the ecological footprint, the most advantageous from the environmental point of view in the extraction and processing of materials turned out to be a lithium iron phosphate battery. At the same time, key environmental loads occurring in the first phase of the LCA of these batteries were identified, e.g., the production of electricity using hard coal, the production of quicklime, the enrichment of phosphate rocks (wet), the production of phosphoric acid, and the uranium mine operation process. To reduce these environmental burdens, improvement actions are proposed, resulting from a synthesized review of the literature. The results of the analysis may be useful in the design stages of new batteries for electric vehicles and may constitute the basis for undertaking pro-environmental improvement actions toward the sustainable development of batteries already present on the market.

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Section: Subject Of Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Functional Unitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Siwiec,

Frącz,

Pacana

et al. 2024

Sustainability

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“…72%. , If more lithium ions are extracted from NCM in a charge process to increase the discharge capacity, it ends up decreasing the capacity in subsequent cycles due to the degradation of the NCM electrodes. The deterioration mechanisms proposed so far − are the irreversible transition of crystal structure from layered-rock-salt to spinel and rock-salt, − O 2 gas release, − dissolution of transition metal ions, − granular cracks, − and unfavorable precipitation of electrolyte decomposition products. − These phenomena occurred at and near the surface of NCM particles, and hence the electrolyte solution should also be involved in the above irreversible phenomena of NCM. To be more specific, charging of NCM positive-electrodes increases their oxidation power and makes the electrolyte solutions more vulnerable to oxidation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Capacity LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ Positive-Electrodes in the Nearly Saturated and Fluorinated Acetate-Diluted Electrolyte Solutions

Nagashima,

Aoki,

Kimura

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Six kinds of acetic acid esters substituted with a different number of fluorine atoms were systematically investigated as a diluent for the nearly saturated LiBF 4 -based electrolyte solutions. Of these, only one fluorinated acetic acid ester was found to be suitable for the dilution and to greatly improve the charge− discharge cycle performance of LiNi 0.8 Co 0.1 Mn 0.1 O 2 (NCM811) electrodes. The charging voltage was raised to 4.6 V to increase the discharge capacities. The structure and thermal stability of the diluted electrolyte solutions, as well as the surface of the NCM811 electrodes after repeated charge/discharge cycles, were analyzed to elucidate the mechanism for the improved performance.

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“…The core of the core–shell NCM electrode particles is made of high-nickel NCM materials, such as NCM811, which provides high energy density, and the shell is low-nickel manganese-rich NCM materials, such as NCM111, NCM622, etc., which enhances the overall mechanical properties. Compared with single-core NCM particles, the shell of core–shell NCM particles restricts the core expansion during lithiation by its larger stiffness, which decreases stress inside the core, prevents cracking initiation and propagation, and displays better mechanical performance. , Even so, the core–shell NCM particles suffer from a structural mismatch between the core and shell. The inhomogeneous volume shrinkage of the core and shell materials leads to the gradual debonding and failure at the core/shell interface over cycles, and the formation of tens of nanometers of voids .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Core–Shell NCM Cathode Particles Mechanical Failure: Particle Cracking and Interfacial Debonding

Shen,

Li,

Huang

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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The core−shell NCM electrode particles are extensively utilized in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), exhibiting higher electrochemical performance. However, particle cracking and core/shell interfacial debonding seriously reduce the mechanical stability and lifespan of LIBs. Traditional experimental observations ignore the emergence and evolution of particle cracking and interfacial debonding during cycles. Existing simulation studies mainly focus on predicting whether cracking propagation and interfacial debonding will occur, and lack a comprehensive understanding of the formation and influence mechanisms of cracking and debonding. Therefore, we develop a fracture phase-field model coupling Li + diffusion and mechanical stress to study the particle cracking and interfacial debonding of spherical core−shell NCM electrode particles in a full lithiation-relaxation-delithiation process. The influence mechanisms of geometrical dimensions (particle size and shell thickness) and mechanical properties (shell Young's modulus and interfacial fracture toughness) on particle cracking and interfacial debonding are explored. Focusing on the more serious core/shell interfacial debonding, the phase diagrams are constructed to determine the parameters window to prevent core/shell interfacial failure. This work provides a theoretical foundation for understanding the particle cracking and debonding of core−shell NCM electrode particles and supplies the strategies to inhibit interfacial debonding.

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A review of the degradation mechanisms of NCM cathodes and corresponding mitigation strategies

Cited by 21 publications

References 308 publications

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

High-Capacity LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ Positive-Electrodes in the Nearly Saturated and Fluorinated Acetate-Diluted Electrolyte Solutions

Core–Shell NCM Cathode Particles Mechanical Failure: Particle Cracking and Interfacial Debonding

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A review of the degradation mechanisms of NCM cathodes and corresponding mitigation strategies

Cited by 21 publications

References 308 publications

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Analysis of the Ecological Footprint from the Extraction and Processing of Materials in the LCA Phase of Lithium-Ion Batteries

High-Capacity LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Positive-Electrodes in the Nearly Saturated and Fluorinated Acetate-Diluted Electrolyte Solutions

Core–Shell NCM Cathode Particles Mechanical Failure: Particle Cracking and Interfacial Debonding

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Product

Resources

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High-Capacity LiNi_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1O₂ Positive-Electrodes in the Nearly Saturated and Fluorinated Acetate-Diluted Electrolyte Solutions