A Review of the Currently Available Antibody Therapy for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Widyasari, Kristin; Kim, Jinnam

doi:10.3390/antib12010005

Cited by 22 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Among the SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins, the spike, envelope, membrane, and nucleocapsid proteins are the main targets of structural protein–based therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 ( 34–36 ). All 5 of the mAb therapies we evaluated specifically targeted the spike protein ( 37 ). The spike protein mediates attachment of SARS-CoV-2 to the host cell by binding the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor through its receptor-binding domain ( 38 ) and is thus a practical target for neutralizing antibodies ( 39 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evolving Real-World Effectiveness of Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19

et al. 2023

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The acquisition by SARS-CoV-2 of mutations that enable it to evade mAbs will almost certainly continue, thus affecting the utility and longevity of mAbs in managing the ongoing pandemic ( 41 ). Therefore, an mAb that targets the conserved viral epitopes is important for the development of broad-spectrum antibody therapies ( 37 , 44 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolving Real-World Effectiveness of Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19

et al. 2023

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“…Accordingly, patient-derived monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) binding these RBD chains potently neutralize virus cell entry in vitro and protect different animals from viral challenge [17][18][19][20][21] , confirming the crucial role of RBM in engaging the receptor and demonstrating its immunogenicity in vivo. These mAbs are currently in clinical use or in advanced clinical development 22 .…”

Section: Design and Construction Of The Omv-based Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Immunogenicity and pre-clinical efficacy of an OMV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Grandi

Tomasi

Ullah

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The vaccination campaign against SARS-CoV-2 relies on the world-wide availability of effective vaccines, with a potential need of 20 billion vaccine doses to fully vaccinate the world population. To reach this goal, the manufacturing and logistic processes should be affordable to all countries, irrespectively of economical and climatic conditions. Outer membrane vesicles (OMV) are bacterial-derived vesicles that can be engineered to incorporate heterologous antigens. Given the inherent adjuvanticity, such modified OMV can be used as vaccine to induce potent immune responses against the associated protein. Here we show that OMVs engineered to incorporate peptides derived from the receptor binding motif (RBM) of the spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 elicit an effective immune response in immunized mice, resulting in the production of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs). The immunity induced by the vaccine is sufficient to protect the animals from intranasal challenge with SARS-CoV-2, preventing both virus replication in the lungs and the pathology associated with virus infection. Furthermore, we show that OMVs can be effectively decorated with the RBM of the Omicron BA.1 variant and that such engineered OMVs induced nAbs against Omicron BA.1 and BA.5, as judged by pseudovirus infectivity assay. Importantly, we show that the RBM 438-509 ancestral-OMVs elicited antibodies which efficiently neutralized in vitro both the homologous ancestral strain, the Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 variants, suggesting its potential use as a pan Coronavirus vaccine. Altogether, given the convenience associated with ease of engineering, production and distribution, our results demonstrate that OMV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines can be a crucial addition to the vaccines currently available.

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“…Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the S or RBD proteins have been shown to be useful in treating SARS- CoV-2 infection [13,14]. However, it has been reported that the efficacy of some mAbs against specific variants and subvariants can be variable [15]. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted emergency use authorization to a number of antibody therapies, generally in the form of a mixed cocktail of antibodies, to better target a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 reduced virus load in the brain of challenged mice and neutralized Wuhan, Delta and Omicron Variants

Pavan

Bok

Juan

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In this work, we developed llama-derived nanobodies (Nbs) directed to the receptor binding domain (RBD) and other domains of the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. Nanobodies were selected after the biopanning of two Nb-libraries, one of which was generated after the immunization of a llama (lama glama) with the bovine coronavirus (BCoV) Mebus, and another with the full-length pre-fused locked S protein (S-2P) and the RBD from the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan strain (WT). Most of the neutralizing Nbs selected with either RBD or S-2P from SARS-CoV-2 were directed to RBD and were able to block S2P/ACE2 interaction. Three Nbs recognized the N-terminal domain (NTD) of the S-2P protein as measured by competition with biliverdin, while some non-neutralizing Nbs recognize epitopes in the S2 domain. One Nb from the BCoV immune library was directed to RBD but was non-neutralizing. Intranasal administration of Nbs induced protection ranging from 40% to 80% against COVID-19 death in k18-hACE2 mice challenged with the WT strain. Interestingly, protection was not only associated with a significant reduction of virus replication in nasal turbinates and lungs, but also with a reduction of virus load in the brain. Employing pseudovirus neutralization assays, we were able to identify Nbs with neutralizing capacity against the Alpha, Beta, Delta and Omicron variants. Furthermore, cocktails of different Nbs performed better than individual Nbs to neutralize two Omicron variants (B.1.529 and BA.2). Altogether, the data suggest these Nbs can potentially be used as a cocktail for intranasal treatment to prevent or treat COVID-19 encephalitis, or modified for prophylactic administration to fight this disease.

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A Review of the Currently Available Antibody Therapy for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Cited by 22 publications

References 98 publications

Evolving Real-World Effectiveness of Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19

Evolving Real-World Effectiveness of Monoclonal Antibodies for Treatment of COVID-19

Immunogenicity and pre-clinical efficacy of an OMV-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Nanobodies against SARS-CoV-2 reduced virus load in the brain of challenged mice and neutralized Wuhan, Delta and Omicron Variants

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