A Review of the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; Pipeline Infrastructure in the U.S.

Callahan, Kara; Goudarzi, Lessly; Wallace, Matthew; Wallace, Robert M.

doi:10.2172/1487233

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…The prices of CO 2 supply associated with EOR are normally indexed to West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crude oil prices. The EOR market uses roughly 68 MtCO 2 /yr, ,, with prices ranging from $27 to $40/tCO 2 at an oil price of $70/bbl. − The EPA lists 28 ethanol plants as suppliers of CO 2 that have the ability to capture 6.30 MtCO 2 /yr. Several projects exist to leverage the high-purity CO 2 stream from fermentation either for dedicated sequestration in sedimentary basins or for EOR.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The capture potential from industrial process emissions that qualifies for the 45Q tax credit is roughly 188 MtCO 2 /yr (Table S4), which is significantly higher than the 68 MtCO 2 /yr currently required for EOR in the United States or even the total CO 2 needs associated with all U.S. CO 2 utilization opportunities, that is, 80 MtCO 2 /yr. 33,40,41 Using solely anthropogenic sources to meet EOR needs in the United States is thus technically feasible and would decrease significantly the carbon footprint of the oil refining industry. Figure 6 displays two regions in the United States (i.e., Permian Basin and Gulf Coast) where CO 2 pipeline infrastructure exists today, for the original purpose of transporting CO 2 from natural sources to EOR opportunities.…”

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cost Analysis of Carbon Capture and Sequestration of Process Emissions from the U.S. Industrial Sector

Pilorgé

McQueen

Maynard

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The industrial sector represents roughly 22% of U.S. emissions. Unlike emissions from fossil-fueled power plants, the carbon footprint of the industrial sector represents a complex mixture of stationary combustion and process emissions produced as a reaction byproduct of cement, iron and steel, glass, and oil production. This study quantifies the potential opportunities for low-cost carbon capture and storage (CCS) scenarios with process emissions from the U.S. industrial sector by analyzing the variabilities in point-source capture and geographic proximity to relevant sinks, specifically enhanced oil recovery (EOR) and geologic sequestration opportunities. Using a technology-agnostic cost model developed from mature CO 2 capture technologies, costs of CCS are calculated for each of the 656 facilities considered, with application of the U.S. federal tax credit 45Q to qualifying facilities. Capture of these targeted industrial process emission streams may lead to the avoidance of roughly 195 MtCO 2 /yr (188 MtCO 2 /yr qualifying for 45Q). A total of 123 facilities have the potential to avoid roughly 68.5 MtCO 2 /yr at costs below $40/tCO 2 delivered. This could be competitive for using CO 2 for EOR depending on the price of oil. At regional CO 2 collection hubs, emissions of 40 MtCO 2 /yr can be avoided within 100 miles of the existing Louisiana−Mississippi and Texas−New Mexico pipelines.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cost Analysis of Carbon Capture and Sequestration of Process Emissions from the U.S. Industrial Sector

Pilorgé

McQueen

Maynard

et al. 2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The four isotherms show that at supercritical pressuresin particular, above 10 MPathe transported fluid is at sufficiently high densities, which result in lower velocities and friction dissipation. This is the practice in most existing CO2 pipelines (e.g., for enhanced oil recovery applications) where the fluid typically enters at pressures higher than 10 MPa [37].…”

Section: Thermodynamic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A holistic approach to the total energy and cost for carbon capture and sequestration

Michaelidesa

2024

Archives of Thermodynamics

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Carbon capture and sequestration from a stationary source comprises four distinct engineering processes: separation of CO2 from the other flue gases, compression, transportation, and injection into the chosen storage site. An analysis of the thermodynamic and transport properties of CO2 shows that dissolving this gas in seawater at depths more than 600 m is, most likely, an optimal long-term storage method; and that for transportation, the CO2 must be in the denser supercritical state at pressures higher than 7.377 MPa. The separation, compression, transportation, and injection processes require significant energy expenditures, which are determined in this paper using realistic equipment efficiencies, for the cases of two currently in operation coal power plants in Texas. The computations show that the total energy requirements for carbon removal and sequestration are substantial, close to one-third of the energy currently generated by the two power plants. The cost analysis shows that two parameters – the unit cost of the pipeline and the discount factor of the corporation – have a very significant effect on the annualized cost of the CCS process. Doubling the unit cost of the pipeline increases the total annualized cost of the entire CCS project by 36% and increasing the discount rate from 5% to 15% increases this annualized cost by 32%.

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“…CO2 EOR requires a vast infrastructure and pipeline network to bring natural resource or human-made resources of CO2 to oilfields. There are CO2 pipelines with a total length of over 4,500 miles in the U.S. [12]. These separate pipeline networks are linked with CO2 resources such as electric powerhouses and industrial sources.…”

Section: Figure 2-4 Co2 and Hydrocarbon Phase Behavior At Different Co2 Mole Fractions [9]mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is not necessary for an order of reaction to be an integer, and the order of reaction can be [12]:…”

Section: Order Of Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Mechanistic Study of In-Situ CO2 EOR – Kinetics and Recovery Performance Analysis

Hussain

Shiau

2021

Day 1 Tue, September 21, 2021

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The success of supercritical CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) cannot be duplicated if the cost of CO2 transposition and processing becomes prohibitive. Research results of the in-situ CO2 EOR (ICE) approach offered a potential technology for many waterflooded stripper wells that lack access to affordable CO2 sources. Previously the ICE synergetic mechanisms were only qualitatively attributed to oil swelling and viscosity reduction due to the preferential partition of CO2 into the oleic phase. This study aims to quantify the contributions to recovery factors from several plausible mechanisms with numerical modeling and simulation. First, the urea reaction was modeled as the CO2 generating chemical decomposing to CO2 and ammonia in the reservoir conditions. The CO2 partitions into oil, which leads to the reaction continuation to generate more CO2. The resulting ammonia largely left in water may further react with certain crudes to generate surfactants, thus, decrease the oil/water interfacial tension (IFT). It is expected that the oil containing CO2 also has a lower IFT with water. The reaction kinetics under different temperatures were incorporated into the numerical model. A numerical model featuring the synergetic mechanisms was built including stoichiometry and kinetics of urea reaction, oil swelling effect, oil viscosity reduction, and IFT reduction effect on the relative permeabilities. The laboratory experiments, pore volume injection versus oil saturation were history matched for three different oils including Dodecane, Earlsboro oil, and DeepStar oil. The phase behavior was modeled with the equation of state (EOS) under different mole fractions of CO2. The reaction kinetics were also modified to history match the laboratory experiment. The estimated reduction of oil viscosity was calculated, 76% for Earlsboro oil, 91% in DeepStar oil, and 75% in dodecane oil. The oil swelling factors ranged from 1.60% to 19% in the three lab models, which translates to the recovery factor of oil. The endpoints of relative permeability were modified to account for the recovery contribution to the IFT and viscosity reduction. The impact of reaction kinetics on oil swelling and recovery factor was also determined, and they are not numerically close to reaction kinetics used in the lab cases. The matched reaction kinetics, activation energy and reaction frequency factor for the dodecane laboratory experiment were 91.80 kJ/gmol and 6.5E+09 min−1. The study concluded that the incremental recovery due to oil swelling ranges between 3.16% and 18.30%, and then from 12.91% to 41.59% is due to IFT reduction for all the cases. The relative permeability and urea reaction kinetics remained the most uncertain parameters during history matching and modeling the ICE synergetic mechanisms.

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A Review of the CO<sub>2</sub> Pipeline Infrastructure in the U.S.

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Cost Analysis of Carbon Capture and Sequestration of Process Emissions from the U.S. Industrial Sector

Cost Analysis of Carbon Capture and Sequestration of Process Emissions from the U.S. Industrial Sector

A holistic approach to the total energy and cost for carbon capture and sequestration

Numerical Mechanistic Study of In-Situ CO2 EOR – Kinetics and Recovery Performance Analysis

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