A review of the clinical utility of serum S100B protein levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury

Abstract

BackgroundIn order to improve injury assessment of brain injuries, protein markers of pathophysiological processes and tissue fate have been introduced in the clinic. The most studied protein “biomarker” of cerebral damage in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the protein S100B. The aim of this narrative review is to thoroughly analyze the properties and capabilities of this biomarker with focus on clinical utility in the assessment of patients suffering from TBI.ResultsS100B has successfully been implemented in the clinic regionally (1) to screen mild TBI patients evaluating the need to perform a head computerized tomography, (2) to predict outcome in moderate-to-severe TBI patients, (3) to detect secondary injury development in brain-injured patients and (4) to evaluate treatment efficacy. The potential opportunities and pitfalls of S100B in the different areas usually refer to its specificity and sensitivity to detect and assess intracranial injury.ConclusionGiven some shortcomings that should be realized, S100B can be used as a versatile screening, monitoring and prediction tool in the management of TBI patients.

Evaluation of NSE and S100B in patients with tick‐borne encephalitis

“…NSE might be used as a prognostic marker in neuronal injury. Elevated NSE serum concentration correlates with a poor outcome in coma, especially caused by hypoxic insult (Thelin, Nelson, & Bellander, 2017).…”

“…NSE might be used as a prognostic marker in neuronal injury. Elevated NSE serum concentration correlates with a poor outcome in coma, especially caused by hypoxic insult (Thelin, Nelson, & Bellander, ). Several studies have shown that NSE yields a reliable estimate of the severity of neuronal injury as well as clinical outcome of patients with serious clinical manifestations such as in cases of stroke, head injury, anoxic encephalopathy, encephalitis, brain metastasis, and status epilepticus (Lima, Takayanagui, Garcia, & Leite, ).…”

The S100B story: from biomarker to active factor in neural injury

“…The clinical utility of blood S100B levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury has been recently reviewed (Thelin et al . ). In this case, an extra‐neural origin (namely adipose) for S100B in the blood appears to have a special relevance for the interpretation of results, since elevated S100B levels have also been shown in patients suffering from trauma in the absence of head injuries (Anderson et al .…”

“…Both CSF and blood S100B levels are currently regarded as reliable biomarkers for acute brain injury caused by cardiovascular disorders or traumatic injury, and a predictive value for the outcome of these patients is also currently attributed to S100B levels in biological fluids (de Az ua L opez et al 2015 ;Chong 2016;Kellermann et al 2016). The clinical utility of blood S100B levels in the assessment of traumatic brain injury has been recently reviewed (Thelin et al 2017a).…”

“…The disorders considered in the present review are caused by different etiologic factors and display a variety of symptoms that could hardly be reconducted to a unifying pattern. However, regardless of the origin of these diseases, the involvement of processes which share aspects reasonably attributable to inflammation is detectable in their underlying pathogenic mechanisms (Giovannoni et al 2007;Wilcock and Griffin 2013;King et al 2014;Ochoa-Cortes et al 2016;Hamlett et al 2018;Stark et al 2016;Chitnis and Weiner 2017;Labzin et al 2018;Fehily and Fitzgerald 2017;Mizuma and Yenari 2017;Neal and Richardson 2017;Franklin et al 2017;Prata et al 2017;Santos and Ferreira 2017;Joshi and Singh 2017;Thelin et al 2017a;Majd et al 2017;Zhang et al 2017;Zolezzi and Inestrosa 2017). This consideration has also been the object of a recent valuable review (Skaper et al 2018).…”