A review of the causes, effects, and potential management of harmful brown tide blooms caused byAureococcus anophagefferens (Hargraves et sieburth)

Gobler, Christopher J.; Lonsdale, D; Boyer, Gregory L.

doi:10.1007/bf02732911

Cited by 167 publications

(165 citation statements)

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“…Precipitous declines in wild populations of bivalves during the 20th century have been attributed to overfishing, loss of habitat, hypoxia, and harmful algal blooms (40,41). Our results suggest that ocean acidification is another process that may have contributed to the declines of these populations in the recent past and could further impact bivalve population densities and diversity in the future.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Talmage

Gobler²

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

265

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The combustion of fossil fuels has enriched levels of CO 2 in the world's oceans and decreased ocean pH. Although the continuation of these processes may alter the growth, survival, and diversity of marine organisms that synthesize CaCO 3 shells, the effects of ocean acidification since the dawn of the industrial revolution are not clear. Here we present experiments that examined the effects of the ocean's past, present, and future (21st and 22nd centuries) CO 2 concentrations on the growth, survival, and condition of larvae of two species of commercially and ecologically valuable bivalve shellfish (Mercenaria mercenaria and Argopecten irradians). Larvae grown under near preindustrial CO 2 concentrations (250 ppm) displayed significantly faster growth and metamorphosis as well as higher survival and lipid accumulation rates compared with individuals reared under modern day CO 2 levels. Bivalves grown under near preindustrial CO 2 levels displayed thicker, more robust shells than individuals grown at present CO 2 concentrations, whereas bivalves exposed to CO 2 levels expected later this century had shells that were malformed and eroded. These results suggest that the ocean acidification that has occurred during the past two centuries may be inhibiting the development and survival of larval shellfish and contributing to global declines of some bivalve populations.bivalve larvae | climate change | ocean acidification M ore than 8 Pg of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is released annually into our planet's atmosphere via the combustion of fossil fuels (1). About one-third of anthropogenically derived CO 2 has entered the world's oceans during the past two centuries (2) and atmospheric and surface ocean CO 2 levels are expected to reach ∼750 ppm by 2100 (3, 4). CO 2 entering the ocean decreases the availability of carbonate ions (CO 3 −2 ) and reduces ocean pH, a process known as ocean acidification. These changes in ocean chemistry may have dire consequences for ocean animals that produce hard parts made from calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ). The experimental enrichment of CO 2 to levels expected in the coming century has been shown to dramatically alter the growth, survival, and morphology of numerous calcifying organisms including coccolithophores, coral reefs, crustose coralline algae, echinoderms, foraminifera, and pteropods (5-7). Many shellfish also produce calcareous shells, and juvenile and adult clams, mussels, and oysters have been shown to be adversely affected by elevated CO 2 (8-12). The earliest life history stages of shellfish, larvae, have been shown to be especially vulnerable to high CO 2 , displaying large declines in survival and delays in metamorphosis at levels predicted to occur later this century, suggesting recruitment of these populations may be adversely impacted by ocean acidification (12)(13)(14).Although it is clear that calcifying ocean animals such as shellfish are sensitive to the increases in CO 2 projected for the future, the extent to which the rise in CO 2 that has occurred since the dawn of ...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 76%

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Talmage

Gobler²

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

328

265

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“…Such enhancement of filter feeder stocks is most likely to achieve success in shallow and more pristine coastal lagoons such as LISSE (mean depth 1.2 m; Gobler et al 2005), where the influence of the benthos on the water column is maximal. Deeper and/or more eutrophic estuaries, however, are more likely to require an extensive bivalve restoration effort coupled with nutrient mitigation to increase water clarity and seagrass growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Eelgrass coverage decreased dramatically during the late 1980s with the annual occurrence of algal blooms, which decreased light levels reaching eelgrass beds (Dennison et al 1989). Since that time, levels of suspended algal biomass have remained high (Suffolk County Department of Health Services, SCDHS 1976-2005, likely due in part to the low current abundances of hard clams and other filter feeders (Cerrato et al 2004). As such, the majority of eelgrass beds in LISSE currently subsist under subsaturating light (Cosper et al 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource-restricted growth of eelgrass in New York estuaries: light limitation, and alleviation of nutrient stress by hard clams

Carroll

Gobler²,

Peterson³

2008

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Globally, anthropogenic activities have degraded many estuarine habitat types, including seagrass meadows. The objective of this study was to identify the degree to which light and nutrients limit the productivity of eelgrass Zostera marina in Long Island estuaries (NY, USA) while concurrently assessing the ability of hard clams Mercenaria mercenaria to influence Z. marina growth and production. Field surveys were conducted to quantify the extent of eelgrass beds, along with environmental factors potentially constraining eelgrass growth. Experimental studies were conducted to determine the extent to which eelgrass is light-or nutrient-limited within the system, and to determine the capacity of hard clams to enhance eelgrass growth in situ. Eelgrass was found in only 14% of the sites sampled, but hard clams were found in 67% of sites with eelgrass. There was a strong longitudinal light gradient in Shinnecock Bay, with an extinction coefficient of 0.88 at the ocean inlet and 2.05 in the most remote regions. Pelagic light levels were inversely correlated with water column chlorophyll levels (p = 0.0027) and eelgrass productivity was strongly correlated with light levels (p < 0.0004), with both being maximal near the ocean inlet. In estuarine regions with high light levels but significantly lower sediment nitrogen (N) content (near ocean inlet), hard clam or sediment nutrient additions yielded significantly higher eelgrass productivity and leaf N content (p < 0.001) compared to control plots. Combined with prior research, this study demonstrates that restoration of bivalves may benefit the expansion of eelgrass beds in shallow estuaries by relieving light and/or nutrient limitation.

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“…The former are generally rare in estuaries other than for the brown tide species A. anophagefferens and Aureoumbra lagunensis in southern U.S. estuaries. This analysis was not conducted for samples at IBSP given that A. anophagefferens typically proliferates at higher salinities than found at this site (Gobler, Lonsdale, and Boyer, 2005;LaRoche et al, 1997). Water samples were fixed in situ at a final seawater concentration of 1.5% glutaraldehyde and stored at 48C until analysis.…”

Section: Field Water-column Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytoplankton Community Structure Based on Photopigment Markers in a Mid-Atlantic U.S. Coastal Lagoon: Significance for Hard-Clam Production

Fantasia

Bricelj

Tong

2017

Journal of Coastal Research

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A review of the causes, effects, and potential management of harmful brown tide blooms caused byAureococcus anophagefferens (Hargraves et sieburth)

Cited by 167 publications

References 146 publications

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Effects of past, present, and future ocean carbon dioxide concentrations on the growth and survival of larval shellfish

Resource-restricted growth of eelgrass in New York estuaries: light limitation, and alleviation of nutrient stress by hard clams

Phytoplankton Community Structure Based on Photopigment Markers in a Mid-Atlantic U.S. Coastal Lagoon: Significance for Hard-Clam Production

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