A review of the carotid and femoral intima-media thickness as an indicator of the presence of peripheral vascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors

Cheng, K.-K.M.

doi:10.1016/s0008-6363(01)00551-x

Cited by 158 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…31,32 For example, ACEIs and statins can have beneficial effects on haemostatic and other factors. [33][34][35][36] Moreover, it has been shown that treatment with ACEIs 37,38 and statins 39,40 improved vasodilatation and decreased vascular damage. A significant additive effect on structural vascular damage, blood pressure, and vascular resistance was also shown during combination treatment of simvastatin and enalapril in hypertensive subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease

et al. 2004

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We assessed the 'synergy' of statins and angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in reducing vascular events in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). The GREek Atorvastatin and CHD Evaluation (GREACE) Study, suggested that aggressive reduction of low density lipoprotein cholesterol to 2.59 mmol/l (o100 mg/dl) significantly reduces morbidity and mortality in CHD patients, in comparison to undertreated patients. In this post hoc analysis of GREACE the patients (n ¼ 1600) were divided into four groups according to long-term treatment: Group A (n ¼ 460 statin þ ACEI), B (n ¼ 420; statin, no ACEI), C (n ¼ 371;no 371;no statin, on ACEI), and D (n ¼ 349; no statin, no ACEI). Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in the relative risk reduction (RRR) in 'all events' (primary end point) between groups. During the 3-year follow-up there were 292 cardiovascular events; 45 (10% of patients) in group A, 61 (14.5%) in group B, 91 in group C (24.5%) and 95 events in group D (27%). The RRR (95% confidence interval (CI) in the primary end point in group A was 31%, (95% CI À48 to À6%, P ¼ 0.01) in comparison to group B, 59% (95% CI À72 to À48%, Po0.0001) to group C and 63% (95% CI À74 to À51%, Po0.0001) to group D. There was no significant difference in RRR between groups C and D (9%, CI À27-10%, P ¼ 0.1). Other factors (eg the blood pressure) that can influence clinical outcome did not differ significantly between the four treatment groups. In conclusion, the statin þ ACEI combination reduces cardiovascular events more than a statin alone and considerably more than an ACEI alone. Aggressive statin use in the absence of an ACEI also substantially reduced cardiovascular events. Treatment with an ACEI in the absence of a statin use reduced clinical events in comparison to patients not treated with an ACEI but not significantly, at least in these small groups of patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease

et al. 2004

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“…It has also been shown that the intimamedia thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery, an indicator of general atherosclerosis, is increased in patients with diabetes mellitus compared with nondiabetic subjects. 1 Furthermore, the progression of atherosclerotic plaques (a measure of more advanced atherosclerosis) is increased in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. 2 HbA 1c is an indicator of average glycemia over the previous 6 to 8 weeks, and the level of HbA 1c has been suggested as a diagnostic or screening tool for diabetes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Glycated Hemoglobin Level Is Strongly Related to the Prevalence of Carotid Artery Plaques With High Echogenicity in Nondiabetic Individuals

et al. 2004

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Background-High levels of HbA 1c have been associated with increased mortality and an increased risk of atherosclerosis assessed as carotid intima-media thickness or plaque prevalence. In the present population-based study, we examined the association between HbA 1c and plaque prevalence with emphasis on plaque echogenicity in subjects not diagnosed with diabetes. Methods and Results-HbA 1c measurements and ultrasonography of the carotid artery were performed in 5960 subjects (3026 women, 2934 men) 25 to 84 years of age. Plaque morphology was categorized into 4 groups from low echogenicity (soft plaque) to strong echogenicity (hard plaque

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“…Effects of gender on sFcγRIIIs levels also were analyzed and higher sFcγRIIIa Mφ and lower total sFcγRIII levels were shown in males than in females (Table 4). It is known that IMT is an early marker for atherosclerosis (22), and maximum IMT generally was related to the number of risk factors for atherosclerosis. Fifty-four subjects (M/F = 22/32, 51.3 ± 5.8 years) were recruited randomly and examined using an ultrasound wall tracking system for IMT measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increased IMT is considered as an earlier morphological evidence of atherosclerosis before the formation of plaque and disturbance in blood flow (22). Fiftyfour subjects were recruited randomly and examined with ultrasonography for IMT measurements.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soluble FcγRIIIaMϕ Levels in Plasma Correlate with Carotid Maximum Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) in Subjects Undergoing an Annual Medical Checkup

Masuda

Amano

Hong

et al. 2008

Mol Med

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Macrophages play a major role in the development of vascular lesions in atherogenesis. The cells express FcγRIIIa (CD16) identical to that in NK cells, but with a cell type-specific glycosylation, and these soluble forms (sFcγRIIIa) are present in plasma. We measured sFcγRIIIa Mφ derived from macrophages in plasma from subjects undergoing an annual medical checkup. The levels of sFcγRIIIa Mφ increased with age, and correlated positively with body mass index, blood pressure, LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, hemoglobin A1c, and creatinine, but negatively with HDL-cholesterol levels. The sFcγRIIIa Mφ levels were related to the number of risk factors for atherosclerosis: such as aging, current smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyper-LDLcholesterolemia, hypo-HDL-cholesterolemia, and family history of atherosclerotic diseases. In addition, the sFcγRIIIa Mφ levels were correlated with carotid maximum intima-media thickness (IMT). These findings indicate the macrophages are activated during the incipient stage of atherosclerosis, and suggest sFcγRIIIa Mφ may be used as a predictive marker for atherosclerosis.

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A review of the carotid and femoral intima-media thickness as an indicator of the presence of peripheral vascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors

Cited by 158 publications

References 81 publications

Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease

Effect of statins and ACE inhibitors alone and in combination on clinical outcome in patients with coronary heart disease

Glycated Hemoglobin Level Is Strongly Related to the Prevalence of Carotid Artery Plaques With High Echogenicity in Nondiabetic Individuals

Soluble FcγRIIIaMϕ Levels in Plasma Correlate with Carotid Maximum Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) in Subjects Undergoing an Annual Medical Checkup

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