A review of the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, analysis method and quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics and toxicity of codonopsis radix

Abstract

Codonopsis Radix, a traditional Chinese medicine in China, has great medicinal and scientific value. Moreover, it can also be used as a health product in daily diet. This paper reviews the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, analysis method and quality control, processing methods, pharmacological effects, pharmacokinetics and toxicity related to Codonopsis Radix. The information of Codonopsis Radix is obtained from scientific databases (such as Baidu Scholar, CNKI, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and SciFinder Scholar), Chinese herbal classics, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, PhD and MSc dissertations, and so on. The chemical components mainly include alkaloids, alkynes and polyacetylenes, flavonoids, lignans, steroids, terpenoids, organic acids, volatile oils, saccharides and other components, which have a wide range of neuroprotective effects, protection of gastrointestinal mucosa and anti-ulcer, regulation of body immunity, anti-tumor, endocrine regulation, improvement of hematopoietic function, cardiovascular protection, anti-aging and antioxidant effects. In conclusion, this paper summarizes in depth the shortcomings of the current research on Codonopsis Radix and proposes corresponding solutions. At the same time, this paper provides theoretical support for further research on the biological function and potential clinical efficacy of Codonopsis Radix.

Simultaneous determination of 19 constituents in the Jian‐Nao‐Ning mixture using high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry

“…According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) and literature, the quality markers of the TCMs included in JNNm are as follows: lobetyolin, tangshenoside I, and atractylenolide III for Codonopsis Radix; ruscogenin, methylophiopogonanone A, and ophiopogonin D for Ophiopogonis Radix; betaine for Lycii Fructus, schisandrin A, schisandrin B, schizandrol A, and schizandrol B for Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus; spinosin, jujuboside A, and jujuboside B for Ziziphi Spinosae Semen; salvianolic acid B, tanshinone IIa, cryptotanshinone, tanshinone I, and salvianic acid A Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, respectively [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. Except for tangshenoside I and jujuboside A, which had poor responses in this method, the above candidate quality markers of JNNm were detected in this study.…”

Natural compounds target programmed cell death (PCD) signaling mechanism to treat ulcerative colitis: a review

“…It is reported that codonopsis is the dry root of Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf., a plant of the Campanulaceae family, which has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumour, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, and other properties (Dong et al, 2023). Li et al intervened in TNBS-induced UC rats with codonopsis extract (4.5,9,18 g/kg) for 7 days.…”

A systematic review of the mechanism of action and potential medicinal value of codonopsis pilosula in diseases

“…In traditional Chinese medicine, CP is often used in combination with other drugs ( Dong et al, 2023 ). It plays an important role in antioxidant, anti-gastrointestinal mucosa and anti-tumor.…”

“…As a valuable botanical herb, CP is highly regarded for its unique medicinal value and health effects ( Dong et al, 2023 ). Sweet in flavor and neutral in nature, CP returns to the spleen and lung meridians ( Lan et al, 2023 ), and can be applied alone ( Wang J. et al, 2024 ) or used in combination with other medicines ( Zhao et al, 2024 ), its main effects include invigorating the spleen and benefiting the lungs, invigorating blood circulation and removing blood stasis.…”