A review of the actions of Nitric Oxide in development and neuronal function in major invertebrate model systems

Wright, Nicholas J.

doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2019.3.146

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 307 publications

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“…In insects specifically, NO-cGMP signaling is known to function in sensory systems (Elphick et al, 1993 ; Elphick and Jones, 1998 ; Davies, 2000 ; Bicker, 2001 ; Orr et al, 2001 ) and the relevance of this signaling pathway across a breadth of neur(on)al processes has been reviewed (Wright, 2019 ). Multiple precedents exist for the involvement of NO-cGMP modulation specifically in insect sensory systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, NO signaling has not been investigated in the sensory olfactory periphery of insects, i.e., at the antennal level (Davies, 2000 ; Wright, 2019 ). In fact, to our knowledge, only two indirect and circumstantial references exist in this regard: NOS expression is differentially expressed between antennae of drone and worker honey bees (Jain and Brockmann, 2020 ), and NOS gene transcripts are highly expressed in antennal tissue samples of the M. sexta hawkmoth as surveyed by Northern blot and RT-PCR (Nighorn et al, 1998 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modulation of the NO-cGMP pathway has no effect on olfactory responses in the Drosophila antenna

Prelic

Getahun

Kaltofen

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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Olfaction is a crucial sensory modality in insects and is underpinned by odor-sensitive sensory neurons expressing odorant receptors that function in the dendrites as odorant-gated ion channels. Along with expression, trafficking, and receptor complexing, the regulation of odorant receptor function is paramount to ensure the extraordinary sensory abilities of insects. However, the full extent of regulation of sensory neuron activity remains to be elucidated. For instance, our understanding of the intracellular effectors that mediate signaling pathways within antennal cells is incomplete within the context of olfaction in vivo. Here, with the use of optical and electrophysiological techniques in live antennal tissue, we investigate whether nitric oxide signaling occurs in the sensory periphery of Drosophila. To answer this, we first query antennal transcriptomic datasets to demonstrate the presence of nitric oxide signaling machinery in antennal tissue. Next, by applying various modulators of the NO-cGMP pathway in open antennal preparations, we show that olfactory responses are unaffected by a wide panel of NO-cGMP pathway inhibitors and activators over short and long timescales. We further examine the action of cAMP and cGMP, cyclic nucleotides previously linked to olfactory processes as intracellular potentiators of receptor functioning, and find that both long-term and short-term applications or microinjections of cGMP have no effect on olfactory responses in vivo as measured by calcium imaging and single sensillum recording. The absence of the effect of cGMP is shown in contrast to cAMP, which elicits increased responses when perfused shortly before olfactory responses in OSNs. Taken together, the apparent absence of nitric oxide signaling in olfactory neurons indicates that this gaseous messenger may play no role as a regulator of olfactory transduction in insects, though may play other physiological roles at the sensory periphery of the antenna.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the NO-cGMP pathway has no effect on olfactory responses in the Drosophila antenna

Prelic

Getahun

Kaltofen

et al. 2023

Front. Cell. Neurosci.

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“…Locusts are among the most dangerous agricultural pests [ 66 ] and have proven to be useful model systems for research in neuronal function and development, including the role of NO [ 67 ] and for studying innate immunity [ 25 , 29 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 ]. Most of these studies focused on entomopathogenic fungi or soluble immune stimulants but rarely on bacteria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NO Synthesis in Immune-Challenged Locust Hemocytes and Potential Signaling to the CNS

Bergmann¹,

Gerhards²,

Schmitz³

et al. 2021

Insects

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Similar to vertebrates, insects are exposed to a broad variety of pathogens. The innate insect immune system provides several response mechanisms such as phagocytosis, melanization, and the synthesis of antimicrobial or cytotoxic compounds. The cytotoxic nitric oxide (NO), which is also a neurotransmitter, is involved in the response to bacterial infections in various insects but has rarely been shown to be actually produced in hemocytes. We quantified the NO production in hemocytes of Locusta migratoria challenged with diverse immune stimuli by immunolabeling the by-product of NO synthesis, citrulline. Whereas in untreated adult locusts less than 5% of circulating hemocytes were citrulline-positive, the proportion rose to over 40% after 24 hours post injection of heat-inactivated bacteria. Hemocytes surrounded and melanized bacteria in locust nymphs by forming capsules. Such sessile hemocytes also produced NO. As in other insect species, activated hemocytes were found dorsally, close to the heart. In addition, we frequently observed citrulline-positive hemocytes and capsules near the ventral nerve cord. Neurites in the CNS of sterile locust embryos responded with elevation of the second messenger cGMP after contact with purified adult NO-producing hemocytes as revealed by immunofluorescence. We suggest that hemocytes can mediate a response in the CNS of an infected animal via the NO/cGMP signaling pathway.

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Amino Acid Biosynthesis

Picciotto¹,

Garibotto²

2020

Encyclopedia of Life Sciences

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Amino acids are classically considered as the building blocks for the synthesis of proteins. The unique characteristics of amino acids are the presence of a free amino group in the α‐carbon and a free carboxyl group. The amino acids differ from each other with respect to their side‐chains and are classified into subgroups according to their similarity in carbon skeleton, substituent groups or a common metabolic pathway. The biosynthesis of amino acids involves several biochemical pathways in which amino acids are assembled from other precursors and is distinct from that involving lipids or carbohydrates because it includes the use of nitrogen. In addition to the 20 canonical amino acids that serve as the primary basis of protein structure and function, many noncanonical amino acids are either found in nature or are chemically created by man. Noncanonical amino acids are used as synthetic intermediates or therapeutics and may also be encoded directly into proteins to obtain useful new features, including better protein stability and increased activity. Key Concepts Amino acids are classically considered as the building blocks from which proteins are synthesised. In addition to their structural role in proteins, the amino acid sequence dictates protein tertiary structure and affects protein function, localisation, recognition and posttranslational modification. In addition, selected amino acids serve as regulators of gene expression and the protein phosphorylation cascade, and play a role in the regulation of protein turnover, signal transduction, transport of nitrogen and carbon across the organs, and neurotransmission. The biosynthesis of amino acids involves several biochemical pathways in which amino acids are assembled from other precursors and is distinct from that involving lipids or carbohydrates because it includes the use of nitrogen. The fixation of nitrogen is a process that converts atmospheric nitrogen to a form that can be used biologically. The pathways for the synthesis of essential amino acids are present only in microorganisms and plants. Nine of 12 nonessential amino acids are synthesised from amphibolic intermediates, whereas three amino acids (tyrosine, cysteine and hydroxylysine) derive from essential amino acids. Amino acid transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase play a central role in the synthesis of nonessential amino acids. In the human adult, as much as 200–250 g of proteins are degraded daily, and their constituent amino acids are in large part reutilised in protein synthesis. Amino acid deficiency states can result if any of the essential amino acid is present in inadequate amounts or omitted from the diet. Alanine, glutamate and glutamine are crucial links between energy and protein metabolism. Moreover, glutamine and alanine biosynthesis in muscle provides a means for the transport of carbon from peripheral tissues to the liver for gluconeogenesis and nitrogen for ureagenesis. Besides the 20 canonical amino acids, many noncanonical amino acids are either found in nature or are chemically created by man. Noncanonical amino acids are used as synthetic intermediates or therapeutics and may also be encoded directly into proteins to obtain useful new features, including better protein stability and increased activity.

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A review of the actions of Nitric Oxide in development and neuronal function in major invertebrate model systems

Cited by 10 publications

References 307 publications

Modulation of the NO-cGMP pathway has no effect on olfactory responses in the Drosophila antenna

Modulation of the NO-cGMP pathway has no effect on olfactory responses in the Drosophila antenna

NO Synthesis in Immune-Challenged Locust Hemocytes and Potential Signaling to the CNS

Amino Acid Biosynthesis

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