A review of synthetic fuels for passenger vehicles

Hänggi, Severin; Elbert, Philipp; Bütler, Thomas; Cabalzar, Urs; Teske, Sinan L.; Bach, Christian; Onder, Christopher H.

doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2019.04.007

Cited by 108 publications

(69 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…An FC, which converts hydrogen into electrical energy used for propulsion, is presently the more commercialized approach. A FC vehicle is reported to have a tank-to-wheel efficiency in the range from 31% to 36%, with water vapor being the only emission [22,23]. Toyota, Honda and Hyundai have already commercialized FC vehicles in selected markets, with more than 6500 units sold as of June 2018 [24].…”

Section: Recent Developments Of Hydrogen Applications In the Transpormentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

et al. 2019

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A paradigm shift towards the utilization of carbon-neutral and low emission fuels is necessary in the internal combustion engine industry to fulfil the carbon emission goals and future legislation requirements in many countries. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and main fuel is a promising option due to its carbon-free content, wide flammability limits and fast flame speeds. For spark-ignited internal combustion engines, utilizing hydrogen direct injection has been proven to achieve high engine power output and efficiency with low emissions. This review provides an overview of the current development and understanding of hydrogen use in internal combustion engines that are usually spark ignited, under various engine operation modes and strategies. This paper then proceeds to outline the gaps in current knowledge, along with better potential strategies and technologies that could be adopted for hydrogen direct injection in the context of compression-ignition engine applications—topics that have not yet been extensively explored to date with hydrogen but have shown advantages with compressed natural gas.

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Section: Recent Developments Of Hydrogen Applications In the Transpormentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

et al. 2019

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“…At an assumed overall tank-to-wheel BEV efficiency of 85% [49], 3.5 TWh of electricity are needed to cover their mileage. Moreover, BEV need about 20% more electricity in winter (December, January and February) for heating purposes, if no other energy carriers or technologies (e.g., ethanol-based heating [50]) are considered.…”

Section: Energy Demandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of an Increased Substitution of Fossil Energy Carriers with Electricity-Based Technologies on the Swiss Electricity System

2019

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Electrifying the energy system with heat pumps and battery electric vehicles (BEV) is a strategy of Switzerland and many other countries to reduce CO2 emissions. A large electrification, however, poses several new challenges for the electricity system, particularly in combination with a simultaneous substitution of nuclear power plants (NPP) by volatile renewables such as photovoltaics (PV). In this study, these challenges in terms of additional electricity demands, deficits and surpluses as well as effective CO2 mitigation are assessed in a dynamic and data-driven approach. To this end, electricity demand and production profiles are synthesized based on measured data and specifications and assumptions of the key technologies at a high temporal resolution. The additional electricity demand of heat pumps is estimated from hourly measured heat demand profiles of a Swiss district heating provider, while for BEV different recharging patterns are combined. For electricity production, NPP are deducted from the current electricity production profile, while PV is added at an hourly resolution. In order to estimate CO2 emissions, life-cycle analysis (LCA) CO2 intensities of the different technologies are used. It is shown that with a BEV and heat pump penetration of 20% and 75%, respectively, there is an almost 25% (13.7 TWh/year) increase of the electricity demand and—just as challenging—an additional maximum power requirement of 5.9 GWh/h (hourly-averaged power). Without additional storage options, large amounts of electricity must be imported in winter and at night, while in summer at noon there is a large surplus from PV. Due to their high CO2 intensities—at least for the next decades—electricity imports and PV may—depending on the reference scenario (with or without NPP) and assumptions on other key parameters—even offset the overall CO2 savings of a highly electrified Swiss energy system.

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“…For example, the number of new electric car registrations in Finland has almost tripled in a year, though the absolute numbers are still low [44]. Other uses for excess electricity are in the energy intensive Finnish industry [45] or synthetic fuel production (also known as power-to-X) [46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Deep Energy Retrofit on The Hourly Power Demand of Finnish Detached Houses

2020

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This study examines how the energy renovation of old detached houses affects the hourly power consumption of heating and electricity in Finland. As electrification of heating through heat pumps becomes more common, the effects on the grid need to be quantified. Increased fluctuation and peak power demand could increase the need for fossil-based peaking power plants or call for new investments to the distribution infrastructure. The novelty in this study is the focus on hourly power demand instead of just annual energy consumption. Identifying the influence of building energy retrofits on the instantaneous power demand can help guide policy and investments into building retrofits and related technology. The work was done through dynamic building simulation and utilized building configurations obtained through multi-objective optimization. Deep energy retrofits decreased both the total and peak heating power consumption. However, the use of air-source heat pumps increased the peak power demand of electricity in district heated and wood heated buildings by as much as 100%. On the other hand, peak power demand in buildings with direct electric heating was reduced by 30 to 40%. On the building stock level, the demand reduction in buildings with direct electric heating could compensate for the increase in the share of buildings with ground-source heat pumps, so that the national peak electricity demand would not increase. This prevents the increase of demand for high emission peaking power plants as heat pump penetration rises. However, a use is needed for the excess solar electricity generated by the optimally retrofitted buildings, because much of the solar electricity cannot be utilized in the single-family houses during summer.

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A review of synthetic fuels for passenger vehicles

Cited by 108 publications

References 25 publications

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

A Review of Hydrogen Direct Injection for Internal Combustion Engines: Towards Carbon-Free Combustion

Impacts of an Increased Substitution of Fossil Energy Carriers with Electricity-Based Technologies on the Swiss Electricity System

The Effect of Deep Energy Retrofit on The Hourly Power Demand of Finnish Detached Houses

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