A Review of Synthesis Methods of Chalcones, Flavonoids, and Coumarins

Abstract

Chalcones are the primary building blocks for flavonoids and isoflavonoids production. Chalcones are a threecarbon, -unsaturated carbonyl system. Chalcones form when an aromatic aldehyde reacts with acetophenones in the presence of a catalyst. For the synthesis of these molecules, a variety of methods and approaches have been reported. The Aldol condensation and Claisen-Schmidt condensation reactions are the most commonly referenced synthetic protocols in the literature, but the Suzuki reaction, Witting reaction, and Photo-Fries rearrangement have also been employed as synthetic procedures within the chalcone framework. SOCl 2 natural phosphate, lithium nitrate, amino grafted zeolites, zinc oxide, water, K 2 CO 3 , PEG400, silica sulfuric acid, ZrCl 4 , and ionic liquid are among the most commonly used catalysts in the synthesis of the chalcone framework.

Synthesis, In-vitro Antimalarial Activity and In silico Molecular Docking Study of Amino Chalcone Derivatives from 1-(2-aminophenyl)-3-(4- substituted-phenyl) prop-2-en-1-one and Dihydroquinolone Derivatives

“…Chalcones possess several physiological activities (antioxidant, antimalarial, antibacterial, antiulceral, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antiviral, antifungal, antileishmanial, anticancer, antitubercular, antihyperglycemic, carboxygenase inhibitor, and insecticidal) which are generated by the presence of the reactive function α,β-unsaturated keto present in the molecule [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] . The same applies to quinolone-based compounds which have already shown several biological activities 4,30,31,32 .…”

“…and are generally synthesized in the Laboratory from aromatic aldehydes and aliphatic aldehydes or ketones via the condensation reaction Claisen-Schmidt in the presence of base or acid catalysts [17][18][19][20][21][22] . Chalcones possess several physiological activities (antioxidant, antimalarial, antibacterial, antiulceral, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antiviral, antifungal, antileishmanial, anticancer, antitubercular, antihyperglycemic, carboxygenase inhibitor, and insecticidal) which are generated by the presence of the reactive function α,β-unsaturated keto present in the molecule [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] . Quinolone, being found for the first time accidentally in the Chloroquine's synthesis in 1962, belongs to the large classes of synthetic molecules with various pharmacological and biological properties such as antimicrobial, antimalarial, antitubercular, antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, antiprotozoal, etc 4,30,31,32 .…”

Synthesis, In-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activity of chalcone derivatives

“…These three substituted chalcones have been synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt reaction using Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst in anhydrous ethanol according to the literature [21,23,24]. To a solution of 2-hydroxyacetophenones (1 eq) in Ethanol (2.5mL/mmol), Sodium hydroxide (3 eq) was added.…”

Diols Speed Up Guanidine Base Catalyzed Claisen‐Schmidt Condensation to Produce New 15‐Arylidene Steroids

“…Claisen-Schmidt condensation of ketones and aldehydes [1] is a crucial step in the synthesis of a great variety of organic molecules, such as chalcones, flavones, coumarins, arylidene cycloalkanones, etc. [2] that exert diverse biological activity, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor effect. [3] Arylidene steroids, important representatives of the compounds mentioned before, were reported to possess a wide range of interesting pharmacological properties, including antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-arrhythmic, anticancer, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory effect.…”

“…Claisen‐Schmidt condensation of ketones and aldehydes [1] is a crucial step in the synthesis of a great variety of organic molecules, such as chalcones, flavones, coumarins, arylidene cycloalkanones, etc [2] . that exert diverse biological activity, including antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor effect [3] .…”