A review of superconducting fault current limiters compared with other proven technologies

Sotelo, Guilherme Gonçalves; Santos, Gabriel dos; Sass, Felipe; França, Bruno Wanderley; Dias, D. H. N.; Fortes, Márcio Zamboti; Polasek, A.; Andrade, R. de

doi:10.1016/j.supcon.2022.100018

Cited by 24 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…To this end, a significant effort is underway to understand the underlying mechanisms responsible for the degradation of the current-carrying capacity of superconductors and to design devices for their effective protection and control [12][13][14][15]. Such a promising protective device that takes full advantage of the bistability is the HTSbased fault current limiter in its various configurations (resistive, inductive) which, in the superconducting state, introduces no additional resistive losses to the network, while during fault conditions the transition to normal state increases the line resistance, thus limiting the fault current [16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads: Multiple Solutions, Thermal Runaway, and Protection

Krikkis¹

2023

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The multiple steady states of Ag/Bi2212-composite high-Tc superconducting leads modeling current delivery to a superconducting magnet have been numerically calculated. The model is based on longitudinal conduction combined with convective heat dissipation from a helium gas stream along the conductor. Because of the nonlinearities introduced by the voltage–current relationship and the temperature-dependent material properties, up to three solutions have been identified within the range of parameters considered. Linear stability analysis reveals that two of them are stable, i.e., the superconducting and the normal branches, while the remaining one is unstable. The limit points separating the stable from the unstable steady states form the blow-up threshold, beyond which any further increase in the operating current results in a thermal runway. Interesting findings are that for low filling ratios no bounded solution exists when the length of the lead exceeds the lower limit point, while very high maximum temperatures may be encountered along the normal solution branch. The effect of various parameters such as the conduction–convection parameter, the applied current, and the reduction in coolant flow (LOFA) on the bifurcation structure and their stabilization effect on the blow-up threshold are also evaluated. Apart from the steady and unsteady operating modes, the multiplicity analysis is also used to identify the range of the design and operating variables where safe operation, with a sufficient margin from the onset of instabilities, may beestablished, thus facilitating the protection of the leads and the device connected to it.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads: Multiple Solutions, Thermal Runaway, and Protection

Krikkis¹

2023

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“…One potential solution is utilizing a superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) to restrict the short-circuit current to an acceptable level [8]. Such technology makes use of the superconducting-normal transition of superconductors under large-current impact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the recovery performance of superconducting fault current limiters using nitrogen/tetrafluoromethane mixed coolants

Zhou,

Qiu,

Jing

et al. 2024

Supercond. Sci. Technol.

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The superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) improves the power grid safety by restricting the drastically increased current when the circuit fault occurs. However, the SFCL suffers from a long recovery time and can hardly recover to the superconducting state before the breaker attempts to reclose, which hinders its practical application. This paper presents the implementation of the rapid-recovery SFCL with efficient heat dissipation even if encountering a large fault current. This is enabled by thermal performance regulation of the working coolant through adding tetrafluoromethane (CF4) into the liquid nitrogen (LN2). The proposed mixed coolant features a high critical heat flux that suppresses the onset of film boiling. Controlled experiments were performed with the fabricated current-limiting coil immersed in the N2/CF4 mixed coolants containing 0, 20 and 40 mol% of CF4. Measured results regarding both quenching and recovery processes are reported, demonstrating an 85.4% reduction in recovery time for the 40 mol% composition compared to the conventionally used pure LN2. Analyses of the electrical parameters of the coil verify its effective quenching performance in the proposed immersion cooling system with an overall current limiting rate of over 55%. These findings lay a foundation for designing the rapid-recovery-type SFCL and facilitating its application in power systems.

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“…Therefore, the incorporation of supplementary auxiliary devices with lower capacities becomes necessary [31,32]. One of the most effective and popular means of ensuring FRT is the use of fault current limiters (FCLs) [33,34]. The FCLs are power system arrangements that utilize various semiconductor devices to effectively restrict fault current during fault periods [35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient performance improvement of DFIG‐based wind farm by H‐bridge fault current limiter

Hossain,

Hasan,

Upadhay

et al. 2024

Applied Research

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Despite the unique advantages a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) offers to the grid‐integrated renewable energy systems, they have a limitation of being susceptible to grid fault as their stator windings are directly connected to the grid. The fault current limiters (FCLs) provide a sustainable solution by enhancing the fault ride‐through capability and thus it improve the transient performance of a DFIG. In this work, a multi‐inductor‐based H‐bridge fault current limiter (HBFCL) is proposed to augment the transient performance of a DFIG. The operational efficacy of the HBFCL is evaluated through the administration of both symmetrical and asymmetrical fault scenarios. The effectiveness of the HBFCL is further investigated by comparing the performance of the HBFCL with that of the bridge‐type series dynamic braking resistor (BSDBR). Both the graphical and numerical interpretations of the simulation result assert that the HBFCL improves the transient performance of a DFIG‐based wind farm and outweighs the performance of the BSDBR in all aspects.

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A review of superconducting fault current limiters compared with other proven technologies

Cited by 24 publications

References 116 publications

Analysis of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads: Multiple Solutions, Thermal Runaway, and Protection

Analysis of High-Temperature Superconducting Current Leads: Multiple Solutions, Thermal Runaway, and Protection

Improving the recovery performance of superconducting fault current limiters using nitrogen/tetrafluoromethane mixed coolants

Transient performance improvement of DFIG‐based wind farm by H‐bridge fault current limiter

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