A Review of Sungkai (Peronema Canescens): Traditional Usage, Phytoconstituent, and Pharmacological Activities

Abstract

This article review aims to evaluate the traditional usage, phytoconstituent, and pharmacological activities of Peronema canescens (PC) published between 1994 to 2021 and suggest directions for further in-depth research of PC as a medicinal resource. A literature review used relevant keywords to collect primary and secondary scientific papers from popular media databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct. The search keywords for papers included Peronema canescens, traditional usage, phytoconstituent, pharmacological activity, in vitro, in vivo, combined, or separated. Traditional usage of PC as medicine has been identified to treat various diseases such as toothache, malaria, fever, skin disorders, itching, bruising, and hypertension, as refreshing drinks, increasing stamina, and as food ingredients. Chemical constituents of PC were seven clerodane diterpenoid compounds, namely A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, and D1 peronemin. Five of them are furanyl groups. Secondary metabolites contained in PC extract were phenols, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. In vitro, pharmacological activities of PC showed anti-plasmodium, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities, had non-toxic effects, and did not cause teratogenic effects. In vivo studies of PC showed that PC could use as an immune booster, antiparasitic, anti-hyperuricemic, anti-plasmodium, antidiabetic, and antipyretic. Many phytoconstituent and pharmacological reports indicated that PC was an essential medicinal herb resource, and some of its traditional uses, including the treatment of fever, antiparasitic, anti-hypertension, malaria, and tonic drink, have been partially confirmed through modern pharmacological studies. Diterpenoids were the main active constituents. However, these crude extracts and isolated chemicals of PC required additional research to identify the effects, optimal dosage, mechanisms of action, long-term safety, and potential side effects. In addition, clinical research was necessary to support the therapeutic potential of PC.

Annual Tree-Ring Curve-Fitting for Graphing the Growth Curve and Determining the Increment and Cutting Cycle Period of Sungkai (Peronema canescens)

“…Krisnawati and Bustomi [33] conducted a forest inventory in Banten, Java island. They proposed an allometric formula to predict the clear-bole height (H) and volume (V 1 and V 2 ) of Sungkai following Equations ( 8)- (10), where the diameter (D), height (H), and volume units are cm, m, and m 3 , respectively. Those allometric equations are suitable for Sungkai plantation in urban and community forests.…”

“…People living in villages also commonly plant Sungkai for shade trees, live fences, and decorative plants in gardens, backyards, and urban forests. Although its growth is slightly slower than other fast-growing species (i.e., Acacia mangium, Albizia falcataria, and Eucalyptus grandis), Sungkai offers several significant benefits [7] such as (1) vegetative propagation by stem cutting [8] can complement its generative seedling regeneration [9]; therefore, it does not depend on the flowering and fruiting season; (2) its tenacity enables planting in a wide range of environmental condition; (3) most parts of the tree (leaves, bark, root, and wood) are traditionally useful for medicine, pharmacology, and as phytoconstituents [10][11][12]; and (4) its timber is high quality and luxurious.…”

Combination Effect of Extracts and Pure Compounds of Endophytic Fungi Isolated from Sungkai (Peronema canescens) Leaves on Antioxidant Activity

“…Observing hyphae, spores, color, and other distinct traits under a microscope with a 1000X magnification is used to analyze microscopic characteristics using the slide culture method. The characters that emerge were compared to the solitary characters tested in 2022 (Pitt and Hocking, 2009;Walsh et al, 2018;Watanabe, 1993).…”

Analisis Isi: Karakteristik Teks Dalam Buku Bahasa Indonesia Pegangan Siswa Sma

“…Semakin banyak karakteristik yang dikuasai, semakin siswa memiliki struktur pemikiran. Dengan demikian, siswa mampu berpikir dengan cara yang berbeda ketika menghadapi situasi yang berbeda dalam kerangka sosialnya (Rahardhian, 2022). Terakhir, guru dan siswa perlu memahami dengan seksama bahwa setiap teks memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda dengan teks lainnya.…”