A review of Spaulding's classification system for effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices: Viewed through a modern-day lens that will inform and enable future sustainability

Rowan, Neil J.; Kremer, Terra A.; McDonnell, Gerald

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162976

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 141 publications

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“…We discovered that the factors related to checking the integrity of microsurgical instruments were the primary source of the first surgical counting interruptions. The development of microsurgical instruments parallels the growth of microsurgery, and microsurgical instruments will also be improved in accordance with doctors’ needs; both of these improvements will result in greater complexity in the design and use of such tools [ 18 ]. The microsurgical instruments that cause distress are the small assembly built-in screws and delicate tips.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical counting interruptions in operating rooms

Lujun,

Yuan,

Wei

2024

BMC Nurs

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Background Operating rooms are complex working environments with high workloads and high levels of cognitive demand. The first surgical count which occurs during the chaotic preoperative stage and is considered a critical phase, is a routine task in ORs. Interruptions often occur during the first surgical count; however, little is known about the first surgical counting interruptions. This study aimed to observe and analyse the sources, outcomes, frequency of the first surgical counting interruptions and responses to interruptions. Methods A retrospective observational study was carried out to examine the occurrence of the first surgical counting interruptions between 1st August 2023 and 30th September 2023. The data were collected using the “Surgical Counting Interruption Event Form”, which was developed by the researchers specifically for this study. Results A total of 66 circulating nurses (CNs) and scrub nurses (SNs) were observed across 1015 surgeries, with 4927.8 min of surgical count. The mean duration of the first surgical count was 4.85 min, with a range of 1.03 min to 9.51 min. In addition, 697 interruptions were identified, with full-term interruptions occurring an average of 8.7 times per hour. The most frequent source of interruption during the first surgical counts was instruments (N = 144, 20.7%). The first surgical counting interruptions mostly affected the CN (336 times; 48.2%), followed by the ORNs (including CNs and SNs) (243 times; 34.9%) and the SN (118 times; 16.9%). Most of the outcomes of interruptions were negative, and the majority of the nurses responded immediately to interruptions. Conclusions The frequency of the first surgical counting interruption is high. Managers should develop interventions for interruptions based on different surgical specialties and different nursing roles.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surgical counting interruptions in operating rooms

Lujun,

Yuan,

Wei

2024

BMC Nurs

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“…The latter procedure is imperative to curb contaminations from residues and microorganisms; hence, all surgical tools and implants must be completely sterile based on established medical precautions (Rutala and Weber, 2019). According to Spaulding classification, implants are considered critical items, indicating steam sterilization (also known as autoclave sterilization) is imperative to prevent premature rejection or inflammation (Rowan et al , 2023). Steam sterilization requires heating tools and implants at high temperatures, which may affect the mechanical and geometrical stability of the base materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiscale characterization of additively manufactured PMMA: the influence of sterilization

Rufo-Martín,

Mantecón,

Youssef

et al. 2024

RPJ

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Purpose Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is a remarkable biocompatible material for bone cement and regeneration. It is also considered 3D printable but requires in-depth process–structure–properties studies. This study aims to elucidate the mechanistic effects of processing parameters and sterilization on PMMA-based implants. Design/methodology/approach The approach comprised manufacturing samples with different raster angle orientations to capitalize on the influence of the filament alignment with the loading direction. One sample set was sterilized using an autoclave, while another was kept as a reference. The samples underwent a comprehensive characterization regimen of mechanical tension, compression and flexural testing. Thermal and microscale mechanical properties were also analyzed to explore the extent of the appreciated modifications as a function of processing conditions. Findings Thermal and microscale mechanical properties remained almost unaltered, whereas the mesoscale mechanical behavior varied from the as-printed to the after-autoclaving specimens. Although the mechanical behavior reported a pronounced dependence on the printing orientation, sterilization had minimal effects on the properties of 3D printed PMMA structures. Nonetheless, notable changes in appearance were attributed, and heat reversed as a response to thermally driven conformational rearrangements of the molecules. Originality/value This research further deepens the viability of 3D printed PMMA for biomedical applications, contributing to the overall comprehension of the polymer and the thermal processes associated with its implementation in biomedical applications, including personalized implants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Metal–Graphene Aerogel for Efficient Solar Energy Interface Evaporation Based on One‐Step Thermal Reduction Method

Wu,

Zhu,

Liu

et al. 2023

Solar RRL

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Fresh water resources can be sustainably harvested through interfacial evaporation by solar energy. To enhance the efficiency of solar interfacial evaporation, a metal graphene alcohol gel was synthesized using a one‐step thermal reduction technique. Subsequently, a metal graphene aerogel was produced using freeze‐drying technology. The hydrothermal treatment method was applied to introduce asymmetric moisture and roughness on the upper and lower surfaces of the aerogel. The unique structure of the aerogel plays a significant role in facilitating continuous water transport to the interface for evaporation. The top layer, being hydrophobic, and the bottom layer, being hydrophilic, contribute to this process. Importantly, the top layer’s design ensures that an excessively thick water film does not form, thereby preventing any adverse effects on light absorption efficiency. The aerogel exhibits an outstanding water evaporation rate (WER) is 1.75 kg·m‐2·h‐1 and a remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency (PTCE) is 93.17% under one solar radiation intensity. This is because the aerogel has a unique three‐dimensional structure. This special three‐dimensional structure has an interconnected microporous‐like appearance inside, which increases the evaporation area. Metal‐graphene aerogel is based on the electric field dielectric evaporation mechanism of metal nanoparticles localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect and the thermal mediated evaporation mechanism of graphene full spectrum. Under the double action, the photothermal conversion efficiency has been significantly improved. Our meticulously created metallic graphene aerogel performs exceptionally well at evaporating water. As a result, it presents a promising and practical avenue for exploring effective solar interfacial evaporation.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

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A review of Spaulding's classification system for effective cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices: Viewed through a modern-day lens that will inform and enable future sustainability

Cited by 19 publications

References 141 publications

Surgical counting interruptions in operating rooms

Surgical counting interruptions in operating rooms

Multiscale characterization of additively manufactured PMMA: the influence of sterilization

Study of Metal–Graphene Aerogel for Efficient Solar Energy Interface Evaporation Based on One‐Step Thermal Reduction Method

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