A Review of Some Available Radioactive and Non-Radioactive Substitutes for Use in Biomedical Research

Party, Esmeralda; El, Gershey

doi:10.1097/00004032-199507000-00001

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The assay of stable labeled microspheres by neutron activation has several major advantages over current, nonradioactive fluorescent microsphere techniques. Fluorescent detection technology cannot penetrate deeply into tissue (22,23). Therefore, the assay of fluorescent microspheres requires the digestion of the tissue matrix, thus destroying the sample in the process (18,23,25,28).…”

Section: H111mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, a major limitation of radiolabeled mi-crospheres is the high disposal and administrative cost associated with generated low-level radioactive waste. The development of substitutes for radioactive materials has thus become an active field of research (18,22,23,25,28). Overwhelmingly, the focus of this research has been on optical-based detection technology.…”

Section: Since Its Introduction In 1967 the Radioactive Micro-mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Stable labeled microspheres to measure perfusion: validation of a neutron activation assay technique

Reinhardt

Dalhberg

Tries

et al. 2001

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

123

109

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Neutron activation is an accurate analytic method in which trace quantities of isotopes of interest in a sample are activated and the emitted radiation is measured with high-resolution detection equipment. This study demonstrates the application of neutron activation for the measurement of myocardial perfusion using stable isotopically labeled microspheres. Stable labeled and standard radiolabeled microspheres (15 microm) were coinjected in an in vivo rabbit model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Radiolabeled microspheres were detected with a standard gamma-well counter, and stable labeled microspheres were detected with a high-resolution Ge detection after neutron activation of the myocardial and reference blood samples. Regional myocardial blood flow was calculated from the deposition of radiolabeled and stable labeled microspheres. Both sets of microspheres gave similar measurements of regional myocardial blood flow over a wide range of flow with a high linear correlation (r = 0.95-0.99). Neutron activation is capable of detecting a single microsphere in an intact myocardial sample while providing simultaneous quantitative measurements of multiple isotope labels. This high sensitivity and capability for measuring perfusion in intact tissue are advantages over other techniques, such as optical detection of microspheres. Neutron activation also can provide an effective method for reducing the production of low-level radioactive waste generated from biomedical research. Further applications of neutron activation offer the potential for measuring other stable labeled compounds, such as fatty acids and growth factors, in conjunction with microsphere measured flow, providing the capability for simultaneous measurement of regional metabolism and perfusion.

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Section: H111mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Since Its Introduction In 1967 the Radioactive Micro-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Stable labeled microspheres to measure perfusion: validation of a neutron activation assay technique

Reinhardt

Dalhberg

Tries

et al. 2001

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

123

109

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“…Nonradioactive tracers are now available for many common assays and procedures that originally used radioactive materials (149).…”

Section: Source Reduction Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Chemiluminescent reagents have been successfully developed as alternatives to radioactive materials in many research procedures (149) Use of these alternatives has been encouraged at NIH and other facilities. This has resulted in significant reductions in both procurement and disposal of radioactive materials.…”

Section: Trends and The Future Of Waste Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimization and management of wastes from biomedical research.

Rau

Alaimo

Ashbrook

et al. 2000

Environ Health Perspect

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Several committees were established by the National Association of Physicians for the Environment to investigate and report on various topics at the National Leadership Conference on Biomedical Research and the Environment held at the 1--2 November 1999 at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. This is the report of the Committee on Minimization and Management of Wastes from Biomedical Research. Biomedical research facilities contribute a small fraction of the total amount of wastes generated in the United States, and the rate of generation appears to be decreasing. Significant reductions in generation of hazardous, radioactive, and mixed wastes have recently been reported, even at facilities with rapidly expanding research programs. Changes in the focus of research, improvements in laboratory techniques, and greater emphasis on waste minimization (volume and toxicity reduction) explain the declining trend in generation. The potential for uncontrolled releases of wastes from biomedical research facilities and adverse impacts on the general environment from these wastes appears to be low. Wastes are subject to numerous regulatory requirements and are contained and managed in a manner protective of the environment. Most biohazardous agents, chemicals, and radionuclides that find significant use in research are not likely to be persistent, bioaccumulative, or toxic if they are released. Today, the primary motivations for the ongoing efforts by facilities to improve minimization and management of wastes are regulatory compliance and avoidance of the high disposal costs and liabilities associated with generation of regulated wastes. The committee concluded that there was no evidence suggesting that the anticipated increases in biomedical research will significantly increase generation of hazardous wastes or have adverse impacts on the general environment. This conclusion assumes the positive, countervailing trends of enhanced pollution prevention efforts by facilities and reductions in waste generation resulting from improvements in research methods will continue.

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“…From the standpoint of waste minimization, 33P can be used as a substitute for 35S. It is reported to provide better resolution and sensitivity than 32P and shorter autoradiographic exposure times than 35S but is more costly than either of these radionuclides (Party and Gershey, 1995).…”

Section: Electrophoresis Gel Fixingwashing For Dna Sequencingmentioning

confidence: 99%

National Institutes of Health: Mixed waste minimization and treatment

1995

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A Review of Some Available Radioactive and Non-Radioactive Substitutes for Use in Biomedical Research

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Stable labeled microspheres to measure perfusion: validation of a neutron activation assay technique

Stable labeled microspheres to measure perfusion: validation of a neutron activation assay technique

Minimization and management of wastes from biomedical research.

National Institutes of Health: Mixed waste minimization and treatment

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