A review of solute encapsulating nanoparticles used as delivery systems with emphasis on branched amphipathic peptide capsules

Abstract

Various strategies are being developed to improve delivery and increase the biological half-lives of pharmacological agents. To address these issues, drug delivery technologies rely on different nano-sized molecules including: lipid vesicles, viral capsids and nano-particles. Peptides are a constituent of many of these nanomaterials and overcome some limitations associated with lipid-based or viral delivery systems, such as tune-ability, stability, specificity, inflammation, and antigenicity. This review focuses on the evolution of bio-based drug delivery nanomaterials that self-assemble forming vesicles/capsules. While lipid vesicles are preeminent among the structures; peptide-based constructs are emerging, in particular peptide bilayer delimited capsules. The novel biomaterial— Branched Amphiphilic Peptide Capsules (BAPCs) display many desirable properties. These nano-spheres are comprised of two branched peptides— bis(FLIVI)-K-KKKK and bis(FLIVIGSII)-K-KKKK, designed to mimic diacyl-phosphoglycerides in molecular architecture. They undergo supramolecular self-assembly and form solvent-filled, bilayer delineated capsules with sizes ranging from 20 nm to 2 microns depending on annealing temperatures and time. They are able to encapsulate different fluorescent dyes, therapeutic drugs, radionuclides and even small proteins. While sharing many properties with lipid vesicles, the BAPCs are much more robust. They have been analyzed for stability, size, cellular uptake and localization, intra-cellular retention and, bio-distribution both in culture and in vivo.

Formulation of pH-Responsive Quatsomes from Quaternary Bicephalic Surfactants and Cholesterol for Enhanced Delivery of Vancomycin against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

“…Several nanodrug delivery systems have been involved in the effective delivery of antimicrobials with great success, and currently, they are being been introduced into the market [ 9 , 10 ]. Lipidic vesicles are the most-employed nanostructures for drug delivery since their serendipitous discovery in 1964 [ 11 ]. They can entrap hydrophobic molecules within their bilayers and hydrophilic molecules in their lumen, which makes them excellent nanocarriers for the delivery of drugs [ 12 , 13 ].…”

Germline mutagenesis ofNasonia vitripennisthrough ovarian delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein

“…These data suggest that BAPC is an effective alternative to ReMOT Control for insect species in which P2C peptide is not able to deliver protein cargo or in which the yolk peptides are not known or difficult to produce or obtain. Importantly BAPC is also able to bind different types of ribonucleotides like plasmid DNA and dsRNA, acting as cationic nucleation centers with the negatively charged DNA binding to the outer surface (Avila et al, 2018Barros et al, 2016). This opens up the possibility of combining RNP with template DNA to promote transgenesis mediated by homology-directed repair (HDR) events induced by CRISPR/Cas9, thus circumventing embryonic microinjection.…”

“…BAPC can thus facilitate the uptake of DNA and potentially other types of nucleic acid in vitro and in vivo. It has been used for delivery of dsRNA and plasmid DNA in cultured insect and animal cells (Avila et al, 2018;Barros et al, 2016) and recently it has been used to improve the delivery of CRISPR components into adult ovaries to facilitate heritable gene editing in the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri (Hunter et al, 2018).…”

Study of Irradiations to Enhance the Induces the Dissociation of Hydrogen Bonds between Peptide Chains and Transition from Helix Structure to Random Coil Structure Using ATRFTIR, Raman and 1HNMR Spectroscopies

“…These tissues are used as graft, since Collagenous tissues begin to be denatured after excision; chemical physics methods like Infrared (IR) light are used to improve chemical physics properties. In the current editorial, the spectroscopic analysis was performed associated with the Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), Raman and 1HNMR spectroscopies to evaluate the effect of Near-Infrared (NIR) or IR-A, Short-Wavelength Infrared (SWIR) or IR-B, Mid-Wavelength Infrared (MWIR) or IR-C, Intermediate Infrared (IIR) or IR-C, Long-Wavelength Infrared (LWIR) or IR-C and Far-Infrared (FIR) lights on the tissues, respectively [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9].…”