A review of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology for gas storage via clathrate hydrates

Veluswamy, Hari Prakash; Kumar, Asheesh; Seo, Yutaek; Lee, Ju Dong

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.059

Cited by 477 publications

(339 citation statements)

References 250 publications

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“…Such an increase in r (s) with decreasing k 0 and a constant mass flow rate Q is explained by the need to increase the injection pressure, which in turn, leads to an increase in the pressure at the phase transition boundary. Additionally, it accelerates the process of the formation of gas hydrate because it increases the equilibrium temperature of hydrate formation T (s) connected with pressure through Equation (2).…”

Section: Calculations Results Using Obtained Analytical Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural gas (primarily methane) is currently considered to be one of the most widely used fossil fuels [1,2]. An important issue when using this hydrocarbon raw material is the improvement in the technology of storing natural gas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important issue when using this hydrocarbon raw material is the improvement in the technology of storing natural gas. In other words, there is a need to establish gas storage facilities in conditions that contribute to the effective preservation of gas reserves over a certain time period [2]. At present, underground hydrocarbon gas storage facilities created in porous reservoirs are quite widespread (as a rule, these are depleted oil and/or natural gas deposits).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution of the Problem of Natural Gas Storages Creating in Gas Hydrate State in Porous Reservoirs

Мусакаев

Хасанов

2020

Mathematics

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Underground gas hydrate storage of natural gas is a rather promising way of creating underground storage facilities for hydrocarbon raw materials in porous reservoirs. This paper presents a solution to the problem of the formation of CH4 hydrate in a porous medium during the injection of methane into a reservoir at a temperature lower than the initial temperature of the reservoir. Self-similar solutions of the problem in axisymmetric approximation are given, describing the pressure and temperature distribution in separate reservoir regions at the formation of gas hydrate on the frontal surface. On the basis of the method of sequential change of stationary states, an analytical solution was obtained, which allowed us to determine the position of the methane hydrate formation boundary depending on different parameters for any moment of time. The limits of the applicability of the proposed model are also given. Thus, the analysis of the calculation results showed that the constructed solution allows one to sufficiently and accurately determine the values of parameters at the frontal surface for a highly permeable medium (k0 > 10−13 m2). It was proved that in the case of a highly permeable medium, the methane hydrate formation intensity will be limited by convective heat dissipation during hydrate formation.

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Section: Calculations Results Using Obtained Analytical Solutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Solution of the Problem of Natural Gas Storages Creating in Gas Hydrate State in Porous Reservoirs

Мусакаев

Хасанов

2020

Mathematics

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“…Another factor to consider in the implementation of the system is the effect of impurities such as higher hydrocarbons. Natural gas consists of about 90% methane, 3% ethane, 1% C3-C6 hydrocarbons, and 3% nitrogen [99]. It is not practical to separate all the components other than methane before charging a tank [100].…”

Section: Natural Gas Impuritiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implementing Metal-Organic Frameworks for Natural Gas Storage

et al. 2019

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Methane can be stored by metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). However, there remain challenges in the implementation of MOFs for adsorbed natural gas (ANG) systems. These challenges include thermal management, storage capacity losses due to MOF packing and densification, and natural gas impurities. In this review, we discuss discoveries about how MOFs can be designed to address these three challenges. For example, Fe(bdp) (bdp 2− = 1,4-benzenedipyrazolate) was discovered to have intrinsic thermal management and released 41% less heat than HKUST-1 (HKUST = Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) during adsorption. Monolithic HKUST-1 was discovered to have a working capacity 259 cm 3 (STP) cm −3 (STP = standard temperature and pressure equivalent volume of methane per volume of the adsorbent material: T = 273.15 K, P = 101.325 kPa), which is a 50% improvement over any other previously reported experimental value and virtually matches the 2012 Department of Energy (Department of Energy = DOE) target of 263 cm 3 (STP) cm −3 after successful packing and densification. In the case of natural gas impurities, higher hydrocarbons and other molecules may poison or block active sites in MOFs, resulting in up to a 50% reduction of the deliverable energy. This reduction can be mitigated by pore engineering. of 9.2 MJ L −1 , which is 70% less than that of gasoline [2,15]. However, carrying an extremely pressurized tank raises safety concerns in vehicles in the case of accidents and has an energy cost associated with compression. Furthermore, CNG, which is the established and predominant technology for NGVs, has a driving range of 350-450 km as compared to 400-600 km for gasoline-powered vehicles [16]. Based on this, there is a need to develop gas storage technology beyond that which is already established in real life applications. Further improvements in natural gas storage for NGV technology should seek to improve driving range to decrease time at the pump and the corresponding number of required tank recharges. Increasing driving range would be helpful to implement the technology in areas where natural gas filling stations are not as abundant. In addition, the CNG tank that holds the fuel takes up cargo space and technological advancements that decrease the volume of the natural gas fuel tank are beneficial. Another approach to store natural gas is LNG, which has an energy density of 22.2 MJ L −1 . Some drawbacks of LNG are the energy and cost associated with liquefaction (−162 • C), which present major technological obstacles [17,18] Lastly natural gas can be stored as ANG. Fairly large volumetric capacities of 4-6 MJ L −1 at pressures of around 35 bar at room temperature for different adsorbents were achieved [19]. The presence of sorbent materials in high pressure tanks reduces the pressure requirement of the tanks, making storage and delivery safer and allows for the use of single-stage compressors. ANG may increase the driving range and decrease the volume required of the fuel tank to achieve a specific driving dis...

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“…1 Hydrates of natural gas are abundant in seafloor sediments and permafrost and thus, they constitute one of Earth's largest reservoirs of organic carbon. 2 In addition to the potential use of hydrates in the transportation and storage of energy, 3,4 hydrates can be utilized for carbon capture and storage, 4 for firefighting, 5 as a carbon source in the food industry 6 or in refrigeration processes. 7 After more than two centuries of hydrate research, many of the open questions are connected with time-dependent phenomena, such as hydrate nucleation and the kinetics of hydrate formation and decomposition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-deposition of gas hydrates by pressurized thermal evaporation

Arzbacher

Rahmatian

Ostermann

et al. 2020

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

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Gas hydrates are usually synthesized by bringing together a pressurized gas and liquid or solid water. In both cases, the transport of gas or water to the hydrate growth site is hindered once an initial film of hydrate has grown at the water-gas interface. A seemingly forgotten gas-phase technique overcomes this problem by slowly depositing water vapor on a cold surface in the presence of the pressurized guest gas. Despite being used for the synthesis of low-formation-pressure hydrates, it has not yet been tested for hydrates of CO 2 and CH 4 . Moreover, the potential of the technique for the study of hydrate decomposition has not been recognized yet. We employ two advanced implementations of the condensation technique to form hydrates of CO 2 and CH 4 and demonstrate the applicability of the process for the study of hydrate decomposition and the phenomenon of self-preservation. Our results show that CO 2 and CH 4 hydrate samples deposited on graphite at 261-265 K are almost pure hydrates with an ice fraction of less than 8%. Rapid depressurization experiments with thin deposits (approx. 330 mm thickness) of CO 2 hydrate on an aluminum surface at 265 K yield identical dissociation curves when the deposition is done at identical pressure. However, hydrates deposited at 1 MPa almost completely withstand decomposition after rapid depressurization to 0.1 MPa, while samples deposited at 2 MPa decompose 7 times faster. Therefore, this synthesis technique is not only applicable for the study of hydrate decomposition but can also be used for the controlled deposition of a super-preserved hydrate.

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A review of solidified natural gas (SNG) technology for gas storage via clathrate hydrates

Cited by 477 publications

References 250 publications

Solution of the Problem of Natural Gas Storages Creating in Gas Hydrate State in Porous Reservoirs

Solution of the Problem of Natural Gas Storages Creating in Gas Hydrate State in Porous Reservoirs

Implementing Metal-Organic Frameworks for Natural Gas Storage

Co-deposition of gas hydrates by pressurized thermal evaporation

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