A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework

Krishan, Kewal; Chatterjee, Preetika M; Kanchan, Tanuj; Kaur, Sandeep; Baryah, Neha; Singh, RK

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.007

Cited by 206 publications

(167 citation statements)

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“…) and a valid technique in terms of accuracy and reliability (Krishan et al. ). In our case, the 46 ossa coxae analyzed were classified with a reliability of 99.74% in women and more than 95.94% in men.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae

et al. 2016

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The methodology for sex determination in human skeletal remains depends on the different bone morphologies presented by men and women. Due to their direct implications in reproduction, the whole pelvis, particularly the os coxae, shows different characteristics in either sex. The sacrum and the os coxae constitute the birth canal. In this research study, the os coxae shape is analyzed using geometric morphometrics, providing information on morphology, regardless of size or any other factor beyond the geometry itself. A total of 46 adult ossa coxae from a Spanish archaeological collection were studied using geometric morphometrics. The results show that there is a restriction on the shape of female os coxae. In contrast, male os coxae presents a greater range of variation. The biological reason for this difference is the obstetrical dilemma; a concept defined as the anatomical conflict between bipedalism and the full-term birth of a neonate whose large head requires greater dimensions in the pelvic cavity. Our experimental data reinforce the validity of the obstetrical dilemma as source of the restriction on the shape of female ossa coxae. Additionally, according to the results obtained, size itself does not represent a condition for belonging to one sex or another.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…; Krishan et al. ) with accurate and reliable classifications in populations from regions that initially were not incorporated into the database of the method (Sánchez‐Mejorada et al. ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae

et al. 2016

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“…However, this procedure is challenged with situations in which there are a few bone fragments or remnants of pelvis or skull [3,5,6]. In this context, research on forensic dentistry and anthropology have associated the use of image technology to the study of bone anatomy for obtaining clues which can guide the estimation of gender and age in such situations [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are considerably reliable methods for estimation of gender [8,15] and age [16,17] using dental and osseous elements, it is necessary that other methodologies be proposed to aid in cases of dental absence or bone fragmentation resulting of severe traumas, such as mass accidents and explosions [5][6][7]. Therefore, the present work was aimed at using CBCT to measure the opening diameter of incisive foramen and to analyse its correlation as a parameter for gender and age estimation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the opening diameter of the incisive foramen as a parameter for gender and age estimation

Pinto

Ferraz

Júnior

et al. 2017

BDS

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Objective: To analyse the opening diameter of incisive foramen as a parameter for gender and age estimation by using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: After approval by the local research ethics committee, CBCT images were obtained from the dental database of a diagnostic centre and then selected. Images suggesting presence of periapical lesions and periodontal changes were excluded, as well as those of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment, with trauma to the mid-facial third, with cleft/lip palate, cranial or syndromic morphological changes, or even absence of one of the upper incisors. The images of male and female patients were distributed according to age groups (i.e. 10-30 years, 31-50 years, and 51 years or older) and then assessed twice and independently by three surgeon-dentists with experience in radiology by means of the XoranCat® software. The resulting data were tabulated and statistically analysed by using the SAS® software (version 2003) – PROC GLM for mixed generalised models – and Tukey’s test for comparison of the mean values at 5% significance level. Results: Considering the methodology used, the results have demonstrated no statistically significant difference in the method for gender estimation. However, it was observed that there was a gradual increase in the mean values as the age advances in the majority of the age groups for both males and females, with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) regarding age estimation. Conclusion: The use of incisive foramen as a gender parameter has had a limited forensic value, but it is an innovative approach in the process of age estimation.KeywordsDentistry; Human identification; Anatomy; Computed tomography.

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“…Sex and age are two key elements critical to the creation of the biological profile in forensic identification. The pelvic bones are considered the most ideal structures for use in sex estimation .…”

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confidence: 99%

An Analysis of Hounsfield Unit Values and Volumetrics from Computerized Tomography of the Proximal Femur for Sex and Age Estimation

Ford

Kumm

Decker

2019

Journal of Forensic Sciences

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Sex and age are two elements in the establishment of a biological profile for forensic identification. While the pelvic bones are the most ideal structures for sex estimation, the condition of a body is not always ideal due to the nature of death, such as in mass disasters, or postmortem processes. This study utilized CT scans and resultant 3D models of 100 male and 100 female adults of known ages ranging from 18 to 98 years old to collect volumetric and Hounsfield unit measurements of the proximal femur. Equations were created to establish logistic regression models for sex estimation and linear regression models for age estimation. The resultant sex estimation method had an accuracy of 93.5% and utilized the volume of the proximal femur. This study provides three linear regression models for age with an accuracy range of 86%–92% ±12 years. As imaging technologies are increasingly adopted for forensic purposes, the power of 3D data will provide the opportunity for more quantitative and reproducible analyses. The proposed method for sex and age estimation provides a reliable tool that can be utilized in both day‐to‐day casework and disaster victim identification.

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A review of sex estimation techniques during examination of skeletal remains in forensic anthropology casework

Cited by 206 publications

References 100 publications

Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae

Geometric morphometrics reveals restrictions on the shape of the female os coxae

Assessment of the opening diameter of the incisive foramen as a parameter for gender and age estimation

An Analysis of Hounsfield Unit Values and Volumetrics from Computerized Tomography of the Proximal Femur for Sex and Age Estimation

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