A review of separation technologies in current and future biorefineries

Huang, Hua Jiang; Ramaswamy, Shri; Tschirner, Ulrike; Ramarao, Bandaru V.

doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2007.12.011

Cited by 768 publications

(419 citation statements)

References 121 publications

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“…The normally used solvent to separate this mixture is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) [1]. Recently, several studies regarding ionic liquids (ILs) as replacement of conventional organic solvents have been published [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] due…”

Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot plant study on the extractive distillation of toluene–methylcyclohexane mixtures using NMP and the ionic liquid [hmim][TCB] as solvents

Quijada‐Maldonado

Meindersma

Haan

2016

Separation and Purification Technology

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. Pilot plant study on the extractive distillation of toluene-methylcyclohexane mixtures using NMP and the ionic liquid [hmim][TCB] as solvents. Separation and Purification Technology, 166, 196-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.04.041 Important noteTo cite this publication, please use the final published version (if applicable). Please check the document version above. CopyrightOther than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download, forward or distribute the text or part of it, without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license such as Creative Commons. Takedown policyPlease contact us and provide details if you believe this document breaches copyrights. We will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. AbstractThe separation of the close-boiling point mixture: toluenemethylcyclohexane can be carried out by extractive distillation using the

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Section: Nomenclaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Pilot plant study on the extractive distillation of toluene–methylcyclohexane mixtures using NMP and the ionic liquid [hmim][TCB] as solvents

Quijada‐Maldonado

Meindersma

Haan

2016

Separation and Purification Technology

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“…Slow gas diffusion seriously hampers bioprocess kinetics by substrate limitation (CO 2 ) and in the case of oxygenic phototrophs product removal (O 2 ), as well. An important economical obstacle is posed by the expensive extraction of biomass from liquid medium [86,87] and of soluble products from liquid media [88]. Clearly, cultivation in liquid media in 3D-vessels is troublesome for both gas-dependent and light-dependent cultivations.…”

Section: Bioreactorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Agriculture-independent, sustainable, fail-safe and efficient food production by autotrophic single-cell protein

Bogdahn¹

2015

Preprint

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Food production with plants consumes large amounts of water, occupies large areas of land and cannot guarantee food security beyond the 21st century. Industrial agriculture in particular, is destructive to the environment, fosters climate change in profound ways, deteriorates public health and causes high "hidden costs". Single-cell protein (SCP) represents an alternative with minimal carbon-, water-and land footprints. However, when grown on biowastes of industrial agriculture, heterotrophic SCP does not truly improve sustainability or food security.This hypothesis paper proposes autotrophic SCP bioprocess designs which enable sustainable, fail-safe and efficient production of edible biomass from CO 2 and N 2 or NH 3 . They can be driven by H 2 , CO or HCOOH from several sustainable sources. Besides H 2 O-electrolysis and syngas, surprisingly fossil fuels may provide an effectively carbon-negative and cheap supply of H 2 through the decomposition of CH 4 or oil. Most promising bioprocess designs consist of 2-stages. In the 1 st stage, homoacetogenic bacteria fix CO 2 up to 10 more efficiently than plants, and secrete it as acetate. In the 2 nd stage, selected microbes grow on the acetate and thereby form edible biomass. Bacteria have unique features including N 2 -fixation, H 2 S tolerance and O 2 -tolerant hydrogenases for fast lightindependent growth. Eukaryotic microalgae are already approved as food and exhibit oxygenic photosynthesis which partly replaces solar-panels, seawater desalination and H 2 O-electrolyzers. Photoheterotrophic growth on acetate decouples these benefits from inefficient endogenous CO 2 fixation. Slow gas mass-transfer, poor light distribution and expensive cell harvest are major challenges arising from the cultivation in liquid media. To cope with this, microbes grow as hydrated biofilms that are exposed directly to substrate gases, and that can be dry-harvested. Two suitable bioreactors are presented and adaptations for 2-stage designs are proposed. Since provision with substrates is expensive, two strategies are proposed for the safe extraction of substrates from food-grade as well as non-food-grade biowastes via partial anaerobic digestion. Additionally, alkalic pH and hydroxides formed at the cathode during electrolysis may be used to precipitate CO 2 from the air as carbonates. In two use cases, 2-stage designs with solar-powered H 2 -generation from seawater were estimated to exceed productivity of wheat 20-200 fold, for moderate and arid climates respectively. Preliminary cost estimates and data about direct and indirect subsidies of industrial agriculture lead to the hypothesis that autotrophic SCP likely outperforms industrial agriculture not only in ecological but also in economical aspects.

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“…However, after fermentation, the product contains a large amount of water, which prevents maximizing the heat value of the product. Therefore, separation of the ethanol-water mixture is required to obtain pure ethanol for fuel (Zamboni et al 2009a, 2009b, Huang et al 2008. In practice, distillation is widely used for the separation of this mixture (Fair 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%