“…According to Ref. [ 17 ], these issues necessitate innovative solutions [ 18 ], and blockchain technology has emerged as a potential key player in this regard [ [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] ]. As a decentralized ledger technology, blockchain offers secure and transparent data storage and exchange without intermediaries [ [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] ].…”