A Review of Research on the Record-Breaking Precipitation Event in Henan Province, China, July 2021

Zhang, Qinghong; Li, Rumeng; Sun, Juanzhen; Lu, Feng; Xu, Jun; Zhang, Fan

doi:10.1007/s00376-023-2360-y

Cited by 17 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The ZDR large value area extended to the east, forming a bow shape at the outflow front of the ZZS that corresponded well with the strong convergence area and the low-level strong updraft area, suggesting that the strong updraft played a key role in the formation of relatively large-diameter raindrops in the ZZS. Observational studies based on raindrop size distribution [24,45] revealed that the average particle size of the extreme heavy precipitation in Zhengzhou was significantly larger than that in other areas during the same event and in other places of China during other heavy precipitation events. In addition, the number concentration of all kinds of particles including particles larger than 4 mm in size was unusually large in the ZZS and raindrops with a particle size above 2 mm contributed much more to the extreme precipitation.…”

Section: Low-level Structure Of the Zhengzhou Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This extreme heavy precipitation event in Henan province caused 398 deaths and severe property damage. Many scientists have attempted to reveal the causes of the extreme heavy rainfall event from different perspectives (e.g., [18][19][20][21][22][23][24]). Similar to the August 1975 extreme precipitation event in Henan province [25], the July 2021 extreme heavy rainfall event occurred under the background of strong Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), which extended as far north as 30 • N, and abundant moisture was transported by the strong easterly low-level jet (LLJ) between the south of the WPSH and Typhoon In-Fa (No.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Key Mesoscale Systems and Mesoscale Vortices of the Henan Extreme Precipitation in 2021

et al. 2023

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Based on the Doppler weather radar and surface observations, the key mesoscale systems and features of the rainstorm structure during the period of the extreme precipitation in Henan province on 20 July 2021 are investigated. The results show that a nearly meso-α-scale West Henan Low Vortex (WHLV) near the Songshan Mountain, a surface mesoscale front, a horizontal shear convergence line in the lower troposphere and two strong low-level jets (LLJs) were the main mesoscale systems that triggered the extreme precipitation process. Many mesoscale vortices including meso-β-γ-scale vortices (i.e., meso-vortices) were found within the WHLV. Hourly precipitation over 50 mm was mostly caused by the storms with meso-vortices. In the heaviest precipitation stage of the Zhengzhou Storm (ZZS), a clear meso-vortex above 2 km AGL was identified with the diameter of 15–20 km and the vorticity of 1.0–2.0 × 10−3 s−1, while its lifetime was about 2 h. The low-level ambient airflows converged into the storm from the north, east and south, forming a strong low-level convergence that promoted the development of the storm. Strong convergence and uplift occurred along the east edge of the storm, while the strong easterly LLJ converged with the shallow outflow of the storm. The strongest updraft under 2 km AGL occurred at the northeast end of the storm when a short-lived meso-γ-scale vortex formed at that area. Both the strong low-level convergence and the merge of the convective cells from the east resulted in the eastward propagation of the ZZS.

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Section: Low-level Structure Of the Zhengzhou Stormmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Key Mesoscale Systems and Mesoscale Vortices of the Henan Extreme Precipitation in 2021

et al. 2023

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Between 19 and 21 July 2021, Henan Province in China experienced one of the heaviest rainfall events in regional and national history, resulting in widespread flooding across the province (J. Yin et al., 2022; Q. H. Zhang et al., 2023). The capital city, Zhengzhou, was hit by an hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm at 1600–1700 Beijing Time (BJT, hereafter), which caused severe urban flooding and economic losses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Responses of Mesoscale Convective System to Global Warming: A Study on the Henan 2021 Record‐Breaking Rainfall Event

Lin,

Nie,

Wang

et al. 2024

JGR Atmospheres

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The limited capabilities of global climate models in simulating mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) restrict our understanding of how global warming impacts MCSs. This study uses a high‐resolution numerical model with large‐ensemble experiments to simulate MCSs during the record‐breaking extreme rainfall event in Henan Province, China, in July 2021. We compare the changes in the MCS's strength, size, and structure in a real‐world simulation (RW) and a 0.8°C colder simulation (analog to no‐anthropogenic‐warming‐world simulation, short for NAWW) to assess the response of MCSs to global warming. Our results show that the total rainfall from the MCS increased by 10.0% in RW compared to NAWW, with a 3.1% increase in area and a 6.7% increase in rainfall intensity. The development of MCS becomes more rapid in response to warming since the pre‐industrial era. The warmer and wetter climate results in higher convective available potential energy, and accelerates the MCS growth, but then the narrower low‐convective inhibition regions suppress the continuous growth of MCS. During the mature phase, the maximum hourly rainfall intensity (Pmax) can increase by up to 26.5%/K, while Pmax locations can either remain unchanged or shift depending on the interaction of flows and terrains. These results highlight varying responses of MCSs to global warming during its different stages and provide valuable insights into the changing characteristics of extreme rainfall events under global warming.

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“…The meso‐ β ‐scale low pressure system developed from southwest of Zhengzhou was conducive to the intensification of the rainstorm (Sun, Li, et al., 2023). Although operational models showed some skills in heavy rainfall prediction, the extremity of rainfall intensity was severely underpredicted (Q. Zhang et al., 2023; Zhu et al., 2022). Some recent studies have investigated the mesoscale dynamics responsible for the exceptional hourly rainfall of 201.9 mm from 16:00 to 17:00 LST.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Z_DR Backwards Arc: Evidence of Multi‐Directional Size Sorting in the Storm Producing 201.9 mm Hourly Rainfall

Li,

Yin,

Kumjian

2024

Geophysical Research Letters

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In this study, we present radar polarimetric characterizations of the storm producing 201.9 mm hourly rainfall on 20 July 2021 in Zhengzhou, China. We employed the separation signatures of enhanced polarimetric observations to investigate hydrometeor size sorting processes, and developed an algorithm to quantify the size sorting directions. Analysis of coupled polarimetric observations unraveled multi‐directional size sorting (MSS) occurred as a low‐level differential reflectivity ZDR backwards arc signature encompassing the rainfall center during the most intensive rainfall period. The rainfall intensification is in step with the increase of size sorting directions. Model simulations with two‐moment microphysics scheme suggest that the presence of arc‐shaped updrafts is conducive to MSS and increased rain rates around the rainfall center. This work sheds novel insights into the kinematics‐driven microphysics in extreme rainfall storms, warranting the potential of using coupled polarimetric signatures for warning catastrophic extreme rainfall events.

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A Review of Research on the Record-Breaking Precipitation Event in Henan Province, China, July 2021

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

The Key Mesoscale Systems and Mesoscale Vortices of the Henan Extreme Precipitation in 2021

The Key Mesoscale Systems and Mesoscale Vortices of the Henan Extreme Precipitation in 2021

Responses of Mesoscale Convective System to Global Warming: A Study on the Henan 2021 Record‐Breaking Rainfall Event

Z_DR Backwards Arc: Evidence of Multi‐Directional Size Sorting in the Storm Producing 201.9 mm Hourly Rainfall

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A Review of Research on the Record-Breaking Precipitation Event in Henan Province, China, July 2021

Cited by 17 publications

References 45 publications

The Key Mesoscale Systems and Mesoscale Vortices of the Henan Extreme Precipitation in 2021

The Key Mesoscale Systems and Mesoscale Vortices of the Henan Extreme Precipitation in 2021

Responses of Mesoscale Convective System to Global Warming: A Study on the Henan 2021 Record‐Breaking Rainfall Event

ZDR Backwards Arc: Evidence of Multi‐Directional Size Sorting in the Storm Producing 201.9 mm Hourly Rainfall

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Z_DR Backwards Arc: Evidence of Multi‐Directional Size Sorting in the Storm Producing 201.9 mm Hourly Rainfall