A review of recent wake vortex research for increasing airport capacity

Hallock, J. N.; Holzäpfel, Frank

doi:10.1016/j.paerosci.2018.03.003

Cited by 88 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…A reduction of 3% in the lifetime of strong vortices was recorded by a Doppler LiDAR, demonstrating the capacity of surface modification for vortex decay acceleration [89]. With increasing understanding of wake vortices generated by aircraft, new separation standards based on dynamic detection and individual wake characterisation are expected to be implemented worldwide in the foreseeable future [90].…”

Section: Aircraft Wake Vortexmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs

et al. 2019

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Doppler wind LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) makes use of the principle of optical Doppler shift between the reference and backscattered radiations to measure radial velocities at distances up to several kilometers above the ground. Such instruments promise some advantages, including its large scan volume, movability and provision of 3-dimensional wind measurements, as well as its relatively higher temporal and spatial resolution comparing with other measurement devices. In recent decades, Doppler LiDARs developed by scientific institutes and commercial companies have been well adopted in several real-life applications. Doppler LiDARs are installed in about a dozen airports to study aircraft-induced vortices and detect wind shears. In the wind energy industry, the Doppler LiDAR technique provides a promising alternative to in-situ techniques in wind energy assessment, turbine wake analysis and turbine control. Doppler LiDARs have also been applied in meteorological studies, such as observing boundary layers and tracking tropical cyclones. These applications demonstrate the capability of Doppler LiDARs for measuring backscatter coefficients and wind profiles. In addition, Doppler LiDAR measurements show considerable potential for validating and improving numerical models. It is expected that future development of the Doppler LiDAR technique and data processing algorithms will provide accurate measurements with high spatial and temporal resolutions under different environmental conditions.

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Section: Aircraft Wake Vortexmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs

et al. 2019

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“…Most vortices have been generated below 120 m such that the interaction with the ground plays a significant role. As the vortex pair descends as a result of mutual velocity induction it approaches the ground and sheds off secondary vorticity [1,19]. The latter induces the vortices an upwards directed velocity, causing them to rebound [1,19].…”

Section: A Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Wake vortices [1], generated at the wings of aircraft as a response to lift, can induce a potentially hazardous rolling moment to any follower. This can lead to dangerous situations, especially in the terminal area, where pilots may not have enough time to regain control over the aircraft at low altitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the Wake-Vortex Proximity to Landing Aircraft Exploiting Field Measurements

Körner

Holzäpfel

2019

Journal of Aircraft

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This paper assesses possible wake vortex encounters in lidar field measurements accomplished by DLR and NASA at major international airports (Munich, Frankfurt, Dallas, Denver, Memphis) comprising 8820 aircraft landings. Therefore, the applied separations are analyzed depending on the aircraft pairings and compared to the ICAO and RECAT standards. Further, we evaluate the distances between the wake generated by the leading aircraft and the follower. The results reveal that in 3.6% of the landings with an initial altitude under 50 m the luff vortex remains within a distance of 50 m to the follower within a temporal buffer of ±10 s of flyby. In only 0.02% of the landings the encounters exceed a roll-control ratio of 0.2, a limit beneath which encounters are considered acceptable by pilots.

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“…IRCRAFT trailing vortices, generated as an unavoidable consequence of lift, pose a potential risk to following aircraft. The separation standards between consecutive aircraft limit the capacity of congested airports in a rapidly growing aeronautical environment 1,2 . A few years ago, the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) initiated a process for the optimization of wake turbulence separations termed RECAT.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Dynamic Pairwise Wake Vortex Separations for Approach and Landing at Vienna Airport

Holzäpfel

Strauss

Schwarz

2019

AIAA Aviation 2019 Forum

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The Wake Vortex Prediction System WSVS (WirbelSchleppenVorhersageSystem) has been developed to tactically increase airport capacity by employing dynamically adjusted aircraft separations for approach and landing without compromising safety. For this purpose the WSVS considers the involved aircraft type pairing, the prevailing weather conditions and the resulting wake vortex behavior. A Monte Carlo simulation study demonstrates that the WSVS is well adjusted to a reasonable level of safety. The simulation study evaluates the probability that wake vortices still linger within a defined radius around the follower aircraft and compares this probability to measurement data collected at five major international airports. The potential of the WSVS to optimize aircraft separations is assessed by employing nine months of traffic and weather prediction data collected at Vienna International Airport. Analyses of the separation reduction potential are established and compared to current regulations. Dependencies on prevailing headwind and crosswind conditions are discussed in terms of individual wake vortex behavior and statistical distributions of wake turbulence separations. The results indicate that substantial potential for safely reduced aircraft separations exists mainly under sufficiently strong crosswind conditions for any aircraft type combination requiring wake vortex separation minima.

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A review of recent wake vortex research for increasing airport capacity

Cited by 88 publications

References 64 publications

A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs

A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs

Assessment of the Wake-Vortex Proximity to Landing Aircraft Exploiting Field Measurements

Assessment of Dynamic Pairwise Wake Vortex Separations for Approach and Landing at Vienna Airport

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